Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Bisherige Befunde in der Sozial- und Entwicklungspsychologie haben gezeigt, dass Kinder mit einem hohen Ablehnungsstatus (Moreno, 1954) und aggressiven Verhaltensauffälligkeiten in höherem Maße als andere Kinder dazu neigen, mehrdeutiges Verhalten von Gleichaltrigen als feindselig zu interpretieren (Dodge, 1980). Anhand der vorliegenden Studie mit N = 115 Kindergartenkindern wurde ein Verfahren (SAVE) für Kinder im Vorschulalter entwickelt, anhand dessen solche spezifischen Wahrnehmungsmuster bei negativen Ereignissen erfasst werden können. Darüber hinaus wurde dieses Verfahren validiert, indem wir zum einen soziometrische Daten und zum anderen Einschätzungen der Erzieherinnen hinsichtlich aggressiver Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Kinder erhoben haben. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen in Übereinstimmung mit unseren Hypothesen, dass Kinder, die bei negativen Ereignissen anderen Personen eher hohe Verantwortlichkeit zuschrieben, stärkeren Ärger empfanden und in diesen Situationen mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit aggressiv reagierten. Weiterhin wurden diese Kinder in erhöhtem Maße von Gleichaltrigen abgelehnt. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die zukünftige Anwendbarkeit des vorliegenden Verfahrens (SAVE) sowie mögliche Implikationen für die Praxis diskutiert.
Abstract. Previous studies in social and developmental psychology have shown that rejected and aggressive children tend to interpret ambiguous behavior of their peers in a more hostile way (Dodge, 1980). This study with N = 115 kindergarden children developed a procedure (SAVE) that allows the assessment of attributions in pre-school children with respect to negative interpersonal situations. Furthermore, the SAVE is validated by means of a study assessing (1) the sociometric status (Moreno, 1954) as well as (2) the caretakers’ impressions of the aggressive behavior of these children. In line with our hypotheses, the results confirm that children who attributed more responsibility to other individuals in negative situations tended to feel more anger and to behave more aggressively in ambivalent situations. Moreover, these children were rejected by their peers with a significantly higher probability. The results are discussed with respect to the usefulness of the proposed SAVE-technique and implications for possible interventions.
Literatur
Ainsworth, M. , Wittig, B. (1969). Attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. In B. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior IV (pp. 111-136). London: Methuen .Amelang, M. , Zielinski, W. , Fydrich, T. , Moosbrugger, H. (2002). Psychologische Diagnostik und Intervention . Berlin: Springer .Arbuckle, J. L. (1999). Amos user’s guide: Version 4.0 . Chicago, IL: Small Waters Corporation .Backhaus, K. , Erichson, B. , Plinke, W. , Weiber, R. (2000). Multivariate Analysemethoden. Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung . Berlin: Springer .Baron, R. M. , Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173– 1182 .Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment . New York: Basic Books .Bowlby, J. (1985). The role of childhood experience in cognitive disturbance. In M. J. Mahoney & A. Freeman (Eds.), Cognition and Psychotherapy. New York, London: Plenum Publishing Corp .Coie, J. D. , Dodge, K. A. (1988). Multiple sources of data on social behavior and social status in the school: A cross-age comparison. Child Development, 59, 815– 829 .Coie, J. D. , Dodge, K. A. , Coppotelli, H. (1982). Dimensions and types of social status: A cross-age perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 557– 570 .Coie, J. D. , Kupersmidt, J. B. (1983). A behavioral analysis of emerging social status in boys’ groups. Child Development, 54, 1400– 1416 .Dodge, K. A. (1980). Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51, 162– 170 .Dodge, K. A. (1983). Behavioral antecedents of peer social status. Child Development, 54, 1386– 1399 .Dodge, K. A. , Crick, N. R. (1990). Social information-processing bases of aggressive behavior in children. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 8– 22 .Dodge, K. A. , Feldman, E. (1990). Issues in social cognition and sociometric status. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood. New York: Cambridge University Press .Dodge, K. , Frame, C. (1982). Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys. Child Development, 53, 620– 635 .Dodge, K. A. , Pettit, G. S. , McClaskey, C. L. (1986). Social competence in children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 51, 1– 85 .Dollase, R. (1973). Soziometrische Techniken . Weinheim: Beltz .Fabes, R. A. , Eisenberg, N. (1992). Young children’s coping with interpersonal anger. Child Development, 63, 116– 128 .Graham, S. , Hudley, C. , Williams, E. (1992). Attributional and emotional determinants of aggression among African-American and Latino young adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 28, 731– 740 .Greenberg, M. , Kusche, C. , Cook, E. , Quamma, J. P. (1995). Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum. Development and Psychology, 7, 117– 136 .Homburg, C. , Baumgartner, H. (1995). Beurteilung von Kausalmodellen. Bestandsaufnahme und Anwendungsempfehlungen. Marketing ZFP, 3, 162– 176 .Krappmann, L. , Oswald, H. (1995). Alltag der Schulkinder . Weinheim: Juventa .Moreno, J. L. (1954). Sociometry and experimental sociology. Sociometry, 17, 358– 363 .Nasby, W. , Hayden, B. , DePaulo, B. M. (1980). Attributional bias among aggressive boys to interpret unambiguous social stimuli as displays of hostility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 459– 468 .Newcomb, A. F. , Bukowski, W. M. , Pattee, L. (1993). Children’s peer relations: A meta-analytic review of popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average socio-metric status. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 99– 128 .Novak, D. W. (1974). Children’s reactions to emotional disturbance in imaginary peers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 462–.Petermann, F. , Petermann, U. (2001). Training mit aggressiven Kindern . Weinheim: Beltz PVU .Petillon, H. (1978). Der unbeliebte Schüler . Braunschweig: Westermann .Petillon, H. (1980). Soziale Beziehungen in Schulklassen . Weinheim, Basel: Beltz .Rieffe, C. , Villanueva, L. , Terwogt, M. M. (2005). Use of trait information in the attribution of intentions by popular, average and rejected children. Infant and Child Development, 14, 1– 10 .Rosenthal, R. , Rubin, D. B. (1982). A simple, general-purpose display of magnitude of experimental effects. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 166– 169 .Rubin, K. H. , Coplan, R. J. , Fox, N. A. (1995). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and preschoolers’ social adaptation. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 49– 62 .Rudolph, U. , Roesch, S. C. , Greitemeyer, S. , Weiner, B. (2004). A meta-analytic review of help-giving and aggression from an attributional perspective: Contributions to a general theory of motivation. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 815– 848 .Salisch, M. von (2000). Wenn Kinder sich ärgern. Göttingen: Hogrefe .Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .Suess, G. J. , Grossmann, K. E. , Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Effects of infant attachment to mother and father on quality of adaptation in preschool: From dyadic to individual organisation of self. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15, 43– 65 .Terry, R. (2000). Recent advances in measurement theory and the use of sociometric techniques. In A. H. N. Cillessen & W. M. Bukowski (Eds.), Recent advances in the measurement of acceptance and rejection in the peer system. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .Terry, R. , Coie, J. D. (1991). A comparison of methods for defining sociometric status among children. Developmental Psychology, 27, 867– 880 .Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion . New York: Springer .Weiner, B. (1995). Judgements of Responsibility: A foundation for a theory of social conduct . New York: Guilford Press .
