Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Ziel der Untersuchung war eine Analyse der Faktorstruktur der Skala dysfunktionaler Einstellungen (DAS). Die DAS dient der Erfassung kognitiver Konstrukte, die im Beckschen Depressionsmodell als Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren depressiver Erkrankungen angesehen werden. Einer studentischen Stichprobe von 502 Probanden wurde die 40-Item Version der DAS vorgegeben. Eine Teilstichprobe bearbeitete zusätzlich Messverfahren zur Erfassung von Angst und Depression. Zwei Faktoren konnten identifiziert werden, die dem DAS-Gesamtscore zugrunde liegen: “Dysfunktionale Einstellungen bezüglich Leistungsbewertung“ und “Dysfunktionale Einstellungen bezüglich Anerkennung durch andere“. Die entsprechenden Subskalen zeigten gute interne Konsistenzwerte und Hinweise auf konvergente und diskriminante Korrelationen mit den Angst- und Depressionsskalen. Weiterhin konnte in einer unabhängigen Stichprobe depressiv-vulnerabler Probanden gezeigt werden, dass nur die Werte auf der Subskala “Anerkennung durch andere“ in dieser Gruppe erhöht waren. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund neuerer Formulierungen des Depressionsmodells von Beck, vor allem der Kongruenzhypothese, diskutiert.
Abstract. The goal of this study was to investigate the factor structure of the German version of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) in a non-clinical sample. The DAS is a self-report inventory derived from Beck’s cognitive theory of depression to measure beliefs constituting predispositions to depression. The 40-Item German version of the DAS was completed by 502 university students. In a subsample, additional depression and anxiety scales were administered. Through principal component analysis two factors were identified: “performance evaluation” and “approval by others”. Correlations with anxiety and depression scales show indications of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales. Moreover, in a sample of participants who had been previously depressed, elevated scores were only found on the “approval by others” factor. Results are discussed with respect to theoretical reformulations of Beck’s theory of depression, in particular the personality-event congruence hypothesis.
Literatur
Barnett, P. A. Gotlib, I. H. (1988). Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 97– 126Barnett, P. A. Gotlib, I. H. (1990). Cognitive vulnerability to depressive symptoms among men and women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 47– 61Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects . New York: Harper and RowBeck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. In P. Clayton & J. E. Barrett (Eds.). Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches (pp. 265-290). New York: Raven PressBeck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Therapy: An International Quarterly, 1, 5– 37Beck, A. T. Brown, G. Steer, R. A. Weissman, A. N. (1991). Factor analysis of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale in a clinical population. Psychological Assessment, 3, 478– 483Brown, P. B. Hammen, C. L. Craske, M. G. Wickens, T. D. (1995). Dimensions of dysfunctional attitudes as vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 431– 435Calhoon, S. K. (1996). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale in a student sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 81– 91Cane, D. B. Olinger, J. Gotlib, I. H. Kuiper, N. A. (1986). Factor structure of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale in a student population. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 307– 309Dohr, K. B. Rush, A. J. Bernstein, I. H. (1989). Cognitive biases and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 263– 267Elkin, I. (1994). The NIMH Treatment of depression collaborative research program: Where we began and where we are. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. (4th ed.; pp. 114-139). New York: WileyHaaga, D. A. F. Dyck, M. J. Ernst, D. (1991). Empirical status of cognitive theory of depression. Psychologial Bulletin, 110, 215– 236Hautzinger, M. Bailer, M. (1993). Allgemeine Depressionsskala . Weinheim: Beltz Test VerlagHautzinger, M. Bailer, M. Keller, F. Worrall, H. (1994). Das Beck Depressionsinventar . Bern: Huber VerlagHautzinger, M. Luka, U. Trautmann, R. D. (1985). Skala dysfunktionaler Einstellungen: Eine deutsche Version der Dysfunctional Attitude Scale. Diagnostica, 31, 312– 323Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179– 185Lautenschlager, G. J. Lance, C. E. Flaherty, V. L. (1989). Parallel analysis criteria: Revised equations for estimating the latent roots of random data correlation matrices. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 339– 345Laux, L. Glanzmann, P. Schaffner, P. Spielberger, C. D. (1981). Das State-Trait Angstinventar: Theoretische Grundlagen und Handanweisung . Weinheim: BeltzLevine, M. S. (1977). Canonical analysis and factor comparison . Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07-006. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage PublicationsMargraf, J. Schneider, S. Soeder, U. Neumer, S. Becker, E. (1996). F-DIPS: Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen (Forschungsversion) . Unveröffentlichtes ManuskriptOlinger, L. J. Kuiper, N. A. Shaw, B. F. (1987). Dysfunctional attitudes and stressful life events: An interactive model of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 25– 40Oliver, J. M. Baumgart, E. P. (1985). The Dysfuncional Attitude Scale: Psychometric Properties and Relation to Depression in an unselected adult population. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 161– 167Power, M. J. Duggan, C. F. Lee, A. S. Murray, R. M. (1995). Dysfunctional attitudes in depressed and recovered depressed patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 25, 87– 93Robins, C. J. (1995). Personality-event interaction models of depression. European Journal of Personality, 9, 367– 378Rost, D. H. Schermer, F. J. (1989). Diagnostik des Leistungsangsterlebens. Diagnostica, 35, 287– 314Segal, Z. V. Shaw, B. F. Vella, D. D. Katz, R. (1992). Cognitive and life stress predictors of relapse in remitted unipolar depressed patients: Test of the congruency hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 26– 36Trautmann, R. D. Luka, U. Dorrmann, W. (1984). Die Skala dysfunktionaler Einstellungen (DAS): Untersuchungen zur Konstruktvalidierung. In M. Hautzinger & R. Straub (Hrsg.), Psychologische Aspekte depressiver Störungen (S. 52-75). Regensburg: RodererVormbrock, F. Neuser, J. (1983). Konstruktion zweier spezifischer Trait-Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Angst in sozialen Situationen (SANB und SVSS). Diagnostica, 29, 165– 182Weissman, A. Beck, A. T. (1978). Development and validation of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scales . Paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, ChicagoWhisman, M. A. Friedman, M. A. (1998). Interpersonal problem behaviors associated with dysfunctional attitudes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 149– 160Zwick, W. R. Velicer, W. F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 432– 442
