Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die Arbeit ging experimentell der Frage nach, ob zwei zentrale Aspekte spontaner elektrodermaler Fluktuationen, ihre Frequenz und ihre mittlere Amplitude, dieselbe Information über psychische Prozesse liefern. Experimentell variiert wurde dazu mittels Imaginationsmethode das Thema und der Selbstbezug induzierter Vorstellungen. Die experimentellen Manipulationen folgten einem 2×2-faktoriellen Versuchsplan für unabhängige Gruppen (Zellbesetzung: jeweils 24 Personen). Gemessen wurde die Veränderung der elektrodermalen Aktivität von einer Ruhe- zu der Vorstellungsphase. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß die beiden Variablen keine austauschbaren Indikatoren psychischer Prozesse sind. Trotz eines substantiellen korrelativen Zusammenhangs reagierten sie sehr eigen auf die experimentellen Manipulationen. Die Variation der Vorstellungsthematik wirkte nur auf die Frequenz, die Variation des Selbstbezugs der Vorstellungen nur auf die mittlere Amplitude der spontanen elektrodermalen Fluktuationen. Die beiden Variablen werden demnach sowohl von wenigstens einem gemeinsamen Faktor als auch von unterschiedlichen Faktoren beeinflußt. Die Frequenz spontaner elektrodermaler Fluktuationen scheint verdeckte Orientierungsprozesse zu reflektieren, während die mittlere Amplitude dieser Fluktuationen die Aktivität eines erfahrungs- und zielabhängigen Bewertungssystems abzubilden scheint. Beide Variablen scheinen darüber hinaus gleichermaßen von einer Art Grundaktiviertheit oder Wachsamkeit abhängig zu sein.
Abstract. The study was concerned with the question of whether the frequency and the mean amplitude of spontaneous electrodermal fluctuations convey the same information about mental processes. In order to examine this, the content and the personal relevance of induced imaginations was varied experimentally. The experimental manipulations followed a 2×2 factorial design for independent groups (content of cells: 24 subjects each). Changes in electrodermal activity were measured as differences between the imagination and a resting phase. Results revealed that the two variables are not exchangeable indicators of mental processes. Although the two variables correlated significantly, they responded differently to the experimental manipulations. The imagination of death-related contents increased the frequency of spontaneous electrodermal fluctuations more than the imagination of neutral contents. High personal relevance enhanced the mean amplitude of these spontaneous fluctuations regardless of the imagined content. Therefore it was concluded that the two variables have something in common but, on the whole, do not depend on identical factors. Frequency of spontaneous electrodermal fluctuations seems to be a reflection of covert orienting processes, whereas their mean amplitude seems to reflect the activity of an appraisal system incorporating goals and past experiences. However, both variables, seem to be, in the same way, dependent on a kind of basal activation or vigilance.
Literatur
(1986). Dreaming: Cortical activation and perceptual thresholds. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 7, 193– 211
(1981). Norepinephrinecontaining locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats exhibit pronounced responses to non-noxious environmental stimuli. The Journal of Neuroscience, 1, 887– 900
(1984). Anatomy and physiology of locus coeruleus neurons: Functional implications. In M. G. Ziegler & C. R. Lake (Eds.), Frontiers of clinical neuroscience: Norepinephrine (Section 3, Vol. 2, pp. 92 - 116). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
(1991). Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 123– 140
(1986). Relations between the physiology of attention and the physiology of consciousness. Psychological Research, 48, 259– 266
(1965). The electrodermogram (Tarchanoff effect) during sleep. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 18, 691– 708
(1958). Drugs and human fatigue: GSR parameters. The Journal of Psychology, 45, 3– 10
(1987). The role of the temporal lobe amygdala in ponto-geniculo-occipital activity and sleep organization in cats. Brain Research, 403, 22– 30
(1993). Electrodermal response lability-stability: Individual difference correlates. In J.-C. Roy, W. Boucsein, D. C. Fowles & J. H. Gruzelier (Eds.), Progress in electrodermal research (pp. 173 - 186). New York: Plenum Press.
(1971). Electrodermal lability as a personality dimension. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 5, 145– 150
(1991). Imagery: Function and physiology. In J. R. Jennings, P. K. Ackles & M. G. H. Coles (Eds.), Advances in Psychophysiology (Vol. 4, pp. 1 - 42). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
(1985). The frontal lobes. In K. M. Heilman & E. Valenstein (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology (second edition, pp. 339 - 375). New York: Oxford University Press.
(1967). Electrical properties of the skin. In C. C. Brown (Ed.), Methods in psychophysiology (pp. 1 - 53). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company.
(1981). Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements. Psychophysiology, 18, 232– 239
(1958). Studies of lobotomy. In H. C. Solomon, S. Cobb & W. Penfield (Eds.), The brain and human behavior. (Research publications of the association for research in nervous and mental disease, Vol. 36, pp. 19 - 34). Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Company.
(1990). Schlaf: Gehirnaktivität im Ruhezustand. Heidelberg: Spektrum der Wissenschaft.
(1986). The neuronal basis of behavioral state control. In V. B. Mountcastle, F. E. Bloom & S. R. Geiger (Eds.), Handbook of physiology (Section 1, Vol. 4, pp. 701 - 823). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
(1987). Brain monoaminergic unit activity in behaving animals. Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology, 12, 171– 206
(1990). Locus coeruleus neuronal activity in behaving animals. In D. J. Heal & C. A. Marsden (Eds.). The pharmacology of noradrenaline in the central nervous system (pp. 248 - 265). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(1972). Effects of exteroceptive feedback and instructions on control of spontaneous galvanic skin responses. Psychophysiology, 9, 305– 317
(1984). Decreased responses to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 59, 9– 20
(1990). Neural mechanisms of event-related potentials: Evidence from human lesion studies. In J. W. Rohrbaugh, R. Parasuraman & R. Johnson, Jr. (Eds.), Event-related brain potentials: Basic issues and applications (pp. 3 - 18). New York: Oxford University Press.
(1993). Untersuchungen zur positiven und negativen Affektivität (Mainzer Berichte zur Persönlichkeitsforschung, Nr. 47). Mainz: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Psychologisches Institut.
(1985). Psychological correlates of electrodermal activity during REM sleep. Sleep, 8, 146– 154
(1975). The psychophysiology of mental illness. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
(1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495– 512
(1989). Cognitive-emotional interactions in the brain. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 267– 289
(1995). Emotion: Clues from the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 209– 235
(1982). Neural mechanisms of arousal, attention, and information processing. In J. Orbach (Ed.), Neuropsychology after Lashley: Fifty years since the publication of Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence (pp. 315 - 407). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(1973). The frontal lobes and the regulation of behavior. In K. H. Pribram & A. R. Luria (Eds.), Psychophysiology of the frontal lobes (pp. 3 - 26). New York: Academic Press.
(1979). Orienting reflexes and classical conditioning in humans. In H. D. Kimmel, E. H. van Olst & J. F. Orlebeke (Eds.), The orienting reflex in humans (pp. 323 - 351). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(1993). Extinction of emotional learning: Contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience Letters, 163, 109– 113
(1953). The psychophysiological significance of the galvanic skin response. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 15– 24
(1991). Psychological correlates of nonspecific skin conductance responses. Psychophysiology, 28, 86– 90
(1962). Sleeping and waking: Physiology and psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
(1953). Sämtliche Werke (Band III/1). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
(1991). Neuroanatomical correlates of skin conductance orienting in normal humans: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychophysiology, 28, 548– 558
(1992). Neurophysiology and functions of the primate amygdala. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction (pp. 143 - 165). New York: Wiley-Liss.
(1989). Evidence for terror management theory I: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 681– 690
(1988). Psychophysiological correlates of electrodermal lability. Psychophysiology, 25, 619– 632
(1993). Cortical and hypothalamo-limbic control of electrodermal responses. In J.-C. Roy, W. Boucsein, D. C. Fowles & J. H. Gruzelier (Eds.), Progress in electrodermal research (pp. 93 - 114). New York: Plenum Press.
(1988). Regulation of cardiac vulnerability by the frontal cortex: A new concept of Cannon's cerebral defense mechanism. In G. C. Galbraith, M. L. Kietzman & E. Donchin (Eds.), Neurophysiology and psychophysiology: Experimental and clinical applications (pp. 68 - 80). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(1960). Neuronal models and the orienting reflex. In M. A. B. Brazier (Ed.), The central nervous system and behavior (pp. 187 - 276). New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.
(1963). Perception and the conditioned reflex. Oxford: Pergamon Press. (Original work published 1958: Vospriyatiye i Uslovnyi Refleks. Moscow: Moscow University Press).
(1975). The neuronal mechanisms of the orienting reflex. In E. N. Sokolov & O. S. Vinogradova (Eds.), Neuronal mechanisms of the orienting reflex (pp. 217 - 235). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(1986). The frontal lobes. New York: Raven Press.
(1992). “No longer Gage”: Frontal lobe dysfunction and emotional changes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 349– 359
(1890). Ueber die galvanischen Erscheinungen in der Haut des Menschen bei Reizungen der Sinnesorgane und bei verschiedenen Formen der psychischen Thätigkeit. Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 46, 46– 55
(1980). Electrodermal activity. In I. Martin & P. H. Venables (Eds.), Techniques in psychophysiology (pp. 3 - 67). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
(1990). Elektrodermale Labilität: Ein Beitrag zur Differentiellen Psychophysiologie. Göttingen: Verlag für Psychologie Dr. C. J. Hogrefe.
(1982). Visual afferents to norepinephrine-containing neurons in cat locus coeruleus. Experimental Brain Research, 48, 66– 80
(1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063– 1070
(1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219– 235
(1980). Interest as a predeterminer of the GSR index of the orienting reflex. Acta Psychologica, 46, 153– 160
(1990). Skin conductance response after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of central noradrenaline system in cats. Biological Psychiatry, 28, 151– 160
(1998). Über die psychologische Bedeutung spontaner elektrodermaler Reaktionen im Wachzustand: Ein Beitrag zur Psychophysiologie der Aufmerksamkeit und Vigilanz. Unveröffentlichte Habilitationsschrift .
(1993). Methoden der Quantifizierung phasischer Hautleitfähigkeitserhöhungen: Eine Gefahr für die Validität?. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 40, 676– 702
