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Freier Beitrag

Leistet voreiliges Schlussfolgern einen Beitrag zur Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Wahn?

Ein systematisches und quantitatives Review

Published Online:February 28, 2015https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747.57.2.125

Abstract

Aus zahlreichen Untersuchungen geht hervor, dass Personen mit Wahn in verschiedener Hinsicht zu voreiligen Schlussfolgerungen (Jumping to Conclusions; JTC) neigen. Angeregt durch eine erste Studie von Huq, Garety und Hemsley (1988) wurde dies zuletzt häufig im Rahmen eines probabilistischen Paradigmas untersucht. In dieser Arbeit werden die Resultate aus den entsprechenden 25 Untersuchungen zusammengefasst, wobei zunächst geklärt wird, unter welchen Bedingungen Personen mit Wahn am stärksten zu voreiligen Schlussfolgerungen neigen. Ferner wird der bisher offenen Frage nachgegangen, ob JTC ursächlich oder aufrecht erhaltend an wahnhafter Symptomatik beteiligt sein könnte. Aus der Zusammenfassung der Studien geht hervor, dass JTC bei Personen mit Wahn vor allem dann auftritt, wenn es den Probanden selbst überlassen wird, die Menge gesammelter Information zu bestimmen. Dagegen sind die Unterschiede zwischen Probanden mit und ohne Wahn kleiner, wenn sie bei fest vorgegebener Informationsmenge lediglich um Wahrscheinlichkeitsangaben gebeten werden. Damit scheint JTC nicht auf Unterschiede im probabilistischen Denken zurückzuführen zu sein. JTC kovariiert mit dem Ausmaß aktueller wahnhafter Symptomatik. Dies legt die Annahme eines in erster Linie aufrechterhaltenden Einflusses voreiligen Schließens auf wahnhafte Überzeugungen nahe. Es liegen jedoch auch Hinweise auf eine mögliche ursächliche Beteiligung vor.


Does «Jumping to Conclusions» Contribute to the Development and Maintenance of Delusions? A Systematic and Quantitative Review

Many studies demonstrate that people with delusions tend to have a bias towards making hasty decisions (Jumping to Conclusions; JTC). Beginning with a study by Huq, Garety and Hemsley (1988) this bias was frequently explored in the context of a probabilistic paradigm. This review summarizes results of 25 studies while focussing on the question whether there are specific conditions that increase the likelihood of persons with delusions to jump to conclusions. Moreover, it is discussed whether JTC is involved in the development or maintenance of delusions. The results of this review reveal JTC to be more pronounced when the participants are allowed to determine the amount of information gathered. In contrast, differences between participants with and without delusions are smaller when they are merely asked for probability estimates. Thus, the bias does not seem to reflect differences in probabilistic reasoning. JTC is associated with the degree of acute delusional symptoms, which supports the suggestion that hasty decision-making is involved in the maintenance of delusions. However, there is also some evidence that it might contribute to the development of delusions.

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