Bedeutung und Ergebnisse der Theory of Mind-Forschung für den Autismus und andere psychiatrische Erkrankungen
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Erkrankungen des autistischen Spektrums sind im Wesentlichen durch folgende Symptomtriade gekennzeichnet: Störung der sozialen Interaktion, Störung der Kommunikation, sowie stereotype Verhaltensmuster und Interessen. Einer der prominentesten Ansätze zur Erklärung dieser Auffälligkeiten stellt die «Theory of Mind» dar (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985). Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit diskutiert den aktuellen Forschungsstand hierzu und stellt wesentliche Ergebnisse der letzten 10 Jahre zusammenfassend dar. Gleichzeitig werden diese kritisch hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutsamkeit für die Erklärung anderer psychiatrischer Erkrankungen und ihrer methodischen Qualität betrachtet. Trotz der vielfältigen Forschungsbemühungen zu diesem Thema stellen die unterschiedlichen Störungskonzepte noch kein einheitliches Rahmenmodell zur Entstehung der Erkrankungen des autistischen Spektrums dar. Zukünftige Forschung sollte sich zum Ziel setzen, den Erklärungswert der einzelnen theoretischen Modelle genauer zu überprüfen und Gemeinsamkeiten der verschiedenen Konzepte herauszustellen, um so gezieltere Informationen über potentielle Verursachungsfaktoren von Autismus zu bekommen.
Summary:Objectives: Disorders of the autistic spectrum are basically characterised by a triad of symptoms: dysfunction of social interaction, communication deficits, and stereotyped behaviour patterns and interests. One of the most prominent approaches to explaining these abnormalities is the “Theory of Mind“ (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985). Methods: The present review discusses and critically examines the ongoing research and recapitulates the essential findings of the last ten years, focussing on their methodological quality and utility to explain other psychiatric disorders. Results: Despite considerable research efforts in this field, the existing concepts do not constitute a consistent framework for analysing the development of autism spectrum disorders. Conclusions: Future research should aim to verify the impact of the existing theoretical models and to emphasise the similarities of the different concepts in order to gain specific information about potential causal factors of autism.
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