Kurz und gut: Eine deutsche Kurzskala zur Erfassung des Bedürfnisses nach kognitiver Geschlossenheit
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studien war die Konstruktion und Validierung einer deutschen Kurzskala zur Erfassung des Bedürfnisses nach kognitiver Geschlossenheit (need for cognitive closure, NCC). In Studie 1 (N = 122) und Studie 2 (N = 228) erfolgte die Überprüfung der Reliabilität und Validität der aus 16 Items bestehenden Skala (16-NCCS). In einer weiteren Validierungsstudie (Studie 3) wurde der Einfluss des NCC auf den Ambiguitätsaversionseffekt im Ellsberg Paradox untersucht. 82 Probanden wählten zwischen einer Urne mit bekanntem Risiko (geringe Ambiguität) und einer Urne mit unbekanntem Risiko (hohe Ambiguität). Die logistische Regression zeigt, dass NCC-Werte den Ambiguitätsaversionseffekt moderieren.
Abstract. This paper describes the construction and validation of a German short scale to measure the need for cognitive closure (NCC). In study 1 (N = 122) and study 2 (N = 228) the reliability and validity of the 16-items-scale (16-NCCS) were analyzed. A further validation study (Study 3) explored the influence of NCC on the ambiguity aversion effect in Ellsberg's Paradox. 82 Ss chose between a known-risk urn (low ambiguity) and an unknown-risk urn (high ambiguity). Results indicated that NCC moderated ambiguity aversion.
References
Abele, A.E. , Gendolla, G.H.E. (2002). Die Theorie der Laienepistemologie und weitere Modelle motivierten Denkens. In D. Frey & M. Irle (Hrsg.), Theorien der Sozialpsychologie. Band 3: Motivations- und Informationsverarbeitungstheorien (S. 312-333). Bern: Huber .Amichai-Hamburger, Y. , Fine, A. , Goldstein, A. (2004). The impact of internet interactivity and need for closure on consumer preference. Computers in Human Behavior, 20, 103– 117 .Ask, K. , Granhag, P.A. (2005). Motivational sources of confirmation bias in criminal investigations: The need for cognitive closure. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2, 43– 63 .Ask, K. , Granhag, P.A. (2007). Motivational bias in criminal investigators' judgments of witness reliability. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 561– 591 .Bless, H. , Wänke, M. , Bohner, G. , Fellhauer, R.F. , Schwarz, N. (1994). Need for Cognition: Eine Skala zur Erfassung von Engagement und Freude bei Denkaufgaben. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 25, 147– 154 .Borkenau, P. , Ostendorf, F. (1993). NEO-Fünf-Faktoren-Inventar (NEO-FFI) nach Costa und McCrae (Handanweisung) . Göttingen: Hogrefe .Cacioppo, J.T. , Petty, R.E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116– 132 .Cacioppo, J.T. , Petty, R.E. , Morris, K.J. (1983). Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, recall and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 805– 818 .Chun, W.Y. , Kruglanski, A.W. (2005). Consumption as a multiple-goal pursuit without awareness. In F.R. Kardes, P.M. Herr & J. Nantel (Eds.), Applying social cognition to consumer-focused strategy (pp. 201-217). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum .Dalbert, C. (1999). Die Ungewissheitstoleranzskala: Skaleneigenschaften und Validierungsbefunde. Hallesche Berichte zur Pädagogischen Psychologie, Nr. 1,Dijksterhuis, A.P. , Van Knippenberg, A.D. , Kruglanski, A.W. , Schaper, C. (1996). Motivated social cognition: Need for closure effects on memory and judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 254– 270 .Ellsberg, D. (1961). Risk, ambiguity, and the savage axioms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75, 643– 669 .Eysenck, H.J. (1954). The psychology of politics . New York: Praeger .Fellner, W. (1961). Distortion of subjective probabilities as a reaction to uncertainty. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75, 670– 689 .Ford, T.E. , Kruglanski, A.W. (1995). Effects of epistemic motivations on the use of accessible constructs in social judgement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 950– 962 .Fu, J.H. , Morris, M.W. , Lee, S.-L. , Chao, M. , Chiu, C.-Y. , Hong, Y.-Y. (2007). Epistemic motives and cultural conformity: Need for closure, culture, and context as determinants of conflict judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 191– 207 .Golec, A. , Frederico, C.M. , Cislac, A. (2005). Need for closure, national attachment, and attitudes toward international conflict: Distinguishing the roles of patriotism and nationalism. In S.P. Shohov (Ed.), Advances in psychology research (pp. 231-251). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers .Hänze, M. (2002). Bedürfnis nach Struktur und Furcht vor Festlegung. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 23, 327– 338 .Jost, J.T. , Glaser, J. , Kruglanski, A.W. , Sulloway, F.J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339– 375 .Jung, J.M. , Kellaris, J.J. (2004). Cross-national differences in proneness to scarcity effects: The moderating roles of familiarity, uncertainty avoidance, and need for cognitive closure. Psychology and Marketing, 21, 739– 753 .Kahneman, D. , Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263– 291 .Kahneman, D. , Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39, 341– 350 .Kosic, A. , Kruglanski, A.W. , Pierro, A. , Mannetti, L. (2004). The social cognition of immigrants' acculturation: Effects of the need for closure and the reference group at entry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 796– 813 .Kruglanski, A.W. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational biases . New York: Plenum .Kruglanski, A.W. (1990). Lay epistemic theory in social-cognitive psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 181– 197 .Kruglanski, A.W. , Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448– 468 .Kruglanski, A.W. , Webster, D.M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing”. Psychological Review, 103, 263– 283 .Maass, A. , Salvi, D. , Arcuri, L. , Semin, G. (1989). Language use in intergroup contexts: The linguistic intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 981– 993 .Machunsky, M. , Meiser, T. (2006). Personal Need for Structure als differenzialpsychologisches Konstrukt in der Sozialpsychologie: Psychometrische Analyse und Validierung einer deutschsprachigen PNS-Skala. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 37, 87– 97 .Mannetti, L. , Pierro, A. , Kruglanski, A.W. , Taris, T. , Bezinovic, P. (2002). A cross-cultural study of the Need for Cognitive Closure Scale: Comparing ist structure in Croatia, Italy, USA and the Netherlands. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 139– 156 .Mayseless, O. , Kruglanski, A.W. (1987). What makes you so sure? Effects of epistemic motivations on judgmental confidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 162– 183 .Neuberg, S.L. , Newsom, J.T. (1993). Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simple structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 113– 131 .Neuberg, S.L. , West, S.G. , Judice, T.N. , Thompson, M.M. (1997). On dimensionality, discriminant validity, and the role of psychometric analyses in personality theory and measurement: Reply to Kruglanski et al.'s (1997) defense of the Need for Closure Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1017– 1029 .Pierro, A. , Kruglanski, A.W. (2007). Two short versions of the need for closure scale . Unpublished manuscript, University of Rome, La Sapienza .Pulford, B.D. , Colman, A.W. in press Size doesn't really matter: Ambiguity aversion in Ellsberg Urns with few balls. Experimental Psychology,Reis, J. (1996). Inventar zur Messung der Ambiguitätstoleranz (IMA) . Heidelberg: Roland Asanger .Rode, C. , Cosmides, L. , Hell, W. , Tooby, J. (1999). When and why do people avoid unknown probabilities in decisions under uncertainty? Testing some predictions from optimal foraging theory. Cognition, 72, 269– 304 .Savage, L.J. (1954). The foundations of statistics . New York: Wiley .Shah, J. , Kruglanski, A.W. , Thompson, E.P. (1998). Membership has its (epistemic) rewards: Need for closure effects on in-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 383– 393 .Slovic, P. , Lichtenstein, S. (1968). Relative importance of probabilities and payoffs in risk taking. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78, 1– 17 .Swann, W.B. , Seyle, C. (2005). Personality psychology's comeback and its emerging symbiosis with social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 155– 165 .Von Collani, G. (2006). Eine deutschsprachige Skala zum Konstrukt “Bedürfnis nach kognitiver Geschlossenheit” (NFCC)/“Persönliches Strukturbedürfnis” (PNS). In A. Glöckner-Rist (Hrsg.), ZUMA-Informationssystem. Elektronisches Handbuch sozialwissenschaftlicher Erhebungsinstrumente. ZIS Version 10.00. Mannheim: Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen .Webster, D.M. , Kruglanski, A.W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1049– 1062 .Webster, D.M. , Kruglanski, A.W. (1998). Cognitive and social consequences of the need for cognitive closure. European Review of Social Psychology, 8, 133– 169 .Webster, D.M. , Richter, L. , Kruglanski, A.W. (1996). On leaping to conclusions when feeling tired: Mental fatigue effects on impressional primacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 181– 195 .
