Skip to main content
Log in

An Examination of the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression and Its Application to Youth

  • Published:
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The ability to differentiate anxiety and depression has been a topic of discussion in the adult and youth literatures for several decades. The tripartite model of anxiety and depression proposed by L. A. Clark and D. Watson (1991) has helped focus the discussion. In the tripartite model, anxiety is characterized by elevated levels of physiological hyperarousal (PH), depression is characterized by low levels of positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) or generalized emotional distress is common to both. The advent of the model led to the development of measures of tripartite constructs and subsequent validity studies. The tripartite model and resultant activity concerning the model was largely devoted to adult samples. However, those interested in anxiety and depression among youth are now incorporating the tripartite model in their work. This paper examines the current influence of the tripartite model in the youth literature, especially with regard to measuring anxiety and depression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1990 / 1991). “Comorbidity” in child and adolescent psychiatry: Categorical and quantitative perspectives. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 1, 271–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational speci-ficity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and the disorders of emotion. In D. A. Hope (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear (Vol. 43, pp. 251–328 ). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). Aninventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beidel, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiological assessment of anxious emotional states in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 80–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, G. A., & Borchardt, C. M. (1991). Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 519–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, E. U., & Kendall, P. C. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 244–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 179–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caron, C., & Rutter, M. (1991). Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1063–1080.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., Albano, A. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The structure of negative emotions in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 74–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., Moffitt, C., Yim, L., & Umemoto, L. A. (2000). Assessment of tripartite factors of emotion in children and adolescents I: Structural validity and normative data of an affect and arousal scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 22, 141–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., Plummer, C. M., & Moffitt, C. E. (2000). Relations of tripartite dimensions of emotion to childhood anxiety and mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 299–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., Tracey, S. A., Brown, T. A., Collica, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Assessment of worry in children and adolescents: An adaptations of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 35, 569–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, P. R. E. (1997). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) with a youth sport sample. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 91–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crook, K., Beaver, B. R., & Bell, M. (1998). Anxiety and depression in children: A preliminary examination of the PANAS-C. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 333–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daleiden, E., Chorpita, B. F., & Lu, W. (2000). Assessment of tripartite factors of emotion in children and adolescents II: Concurrent validity of the Affect and Arousal Scales for Children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 22, 161–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, K. S. (1985). The relationship between anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 5, 307–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eason, L. J., Finch, A. J., Brasted, W., & Saylor, C. F. (1985). The assessment of depression and anxiety in hospitalized pediatric patients. Child Psychiatry andHumanDevelopment, 16, 57–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettelson, R., & Laurent, J. (2001). [Adolescent completed Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaires]. Unpublished raw data.

  • Feldman, L. A. (1993). Distinguishing depression and anxiety in self-report: Evidence from confirmatory factor analysis on nonclinical and clinical samples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 631–638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967–984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (1999). The structure of current affect: Controversies and emerging consensus. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 10–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, A. J., Jr., Lipovsky, J. A., & Casat, C. D. (1989). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: Negative affectivity or separate constructs? In P. C. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 171–202 ). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., & Foa, U. G. (1982). Differentiating depression and anxiety: Is it possible? Is it useful? Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 18, 62–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garber, J., Kriss, M. R., Koch, M., & Lindholm, L. (1988). Recurrent depression in adolescents: A follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittelman, R. (1986). Childhood anxiety disorders: Correlates and outcome. In R. Gittelman (Ed.), Anxiety disorders of childhood (pp. 101–125 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 532–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. P., Goldman, S. L., & Salovey, P. (1993). Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 1029–1041.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. P., & Salovey, P. (1999). In what sense are positive and negative affect independent?Areply to Tellegen,Watson, and Clark. Psychological Science, 10, 304–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, K. (1990). Depression and anxiety in children:Acomparison of self-report questionnaires to clinical interview. Psychological Assessment, 2, 376–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huebner, E. S., & Dew, T. (1995). Preliminary validation of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule with adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 13, 286–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ialongo, N., Edelsohn, G., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Crockett, L., & Kellam, S. (1996). Social and cognitive impairment in firstgrade children with anxious and depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 15–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inderbitzen, H. M., & Hope, D. A. (1995). Relationship among adolescent reports of social anxiety, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 385–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotion: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, P. S., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., Bird, H. R., Dulcan, M. K., Schwab-Stone, M. E., & Lahey, B. B. (1999). Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: Are both informants always necessary? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1569–1579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joiner, T. E. Jr., & Barnett, J. (1994). Testing interpersonal theory of depression in child and adolescent psychiatric patients using a projective technique. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 595–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joiner, T. E., Jr. Catanzaro, S. J., & Laurent, J. (1996). The tripartite structure of positive and negative affect, depression, and anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 401–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joiner, T. E., Jr., & Lonigan, C. J. (2000). Tripartite model of depression and anxiety in youth psychiatric inpatients: Relations with diagnostic status and future symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 372–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joiner, T. E., Jr., Steer, R. A., Beck, A. T., Schmidt, N. B., Rudd, M. D., & Catanzaro, S. J. (1999). Physiological hyperarousal: Construct validity of a central aspect of the tripartite model of depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 290–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, J. B., Dyck, M. J., Kramer, T. A., & Wherry, J. N. (1994). Integration of positive and negative affectivity and cognitive content-specificity: Improved discrimination of anxious and depressed symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 544–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, N. J., Stark, K. D., Printz, B., Livingston, R., & Tsai, S. L. (1992). Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children: Development and relation to depression and anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 339–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Psychotherapy for children and adolescents: Directions for research and practice. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M. B., Lavori, P.W., Wunder, J., Beardslee, W. R., Schwartz, C. E., & Roth, J. (1992). Chronic course of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 595–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., Cantwell, D. P., & Kazdin, A. E. (1989). Depression in children and adolescents: Assessment issues and recommendations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 109–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., & Ingram, R. (1987). The future of cognitive assessment of anxiety: Let' get specific. In L. Michelson & L. M. Ascher (Eds.), Anxiety and stress disorders: Cognitive-behavioral assessment and treatment (pp. 89–104 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keogh, E., & Reidy, J. (2000). Exploring the factor structure of the Moodand Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 74, 106–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kercher, K. (1992). Assessing subjective well-being in the oldold: The PANAS as a measure of orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect. Research on Aging, 14, 131–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiernan, G., Laurent, J., Joiner, T. E., Jr., Catanzaro, S. J., & MacLachlan, M. (2001). Cross-cultural examination of the tripartite model with children: Data from the Barretstown studies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 359–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, N. J., Ollendick, T. H., & Gullone, E. (1991). Negative affectivity in children and adolescents: Relations between anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 441–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1980/ 1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatria, 46, 305–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1985). The natural history and course of depressive disorders in childhood. Psychiatric Annals, 15, 387–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1992). Children' Depression Inventory (CDI) manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (1995). Theorybased screening of youth internalizing disorders. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (1998, April/May). A child measure of the tripartite model: Initial development and validation of the Physiological Hyperarousal-Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children. In S. J. Catanzaro (Chair), The tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Current research and future prospects. Symposium conducted at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

  • Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2000, March/ April). Physiological Hyperarousal Scale for Children: Scale development and preliminary validation. Poster presented at the 32nd Annual Convention of the National Association of School Psychologists, New Orleans, LA.

  • Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., Joiner, T. E., Jr., Rudolph, K. D., Potter, K. I., Lambert, S., Osborne, L., & Gathright, T. (1999). A measure of positive and negative affect for children: Scale development and initial validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 326–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurent, J., Potter, K., & Catanzaro, S. J. (1994, March). Assessing positive and negative affect in children: The development of the PANAS-C. 26th Annual Convention of the National Association of School Psychologists, Seattle,WA.

  • Laurent, J., & Stark, K. D. (1993). Testing the cognitive contentspecificity hypothesis with anxious and depressed youngsters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 226–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, M. M., & Burton, N. (1978). Childhood depression: A critique of the concept. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 716–726.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipman, R. S. (1982). Differentiating anxiety and depression in anxiety disorders: Use of rating scales. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 18, 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., Green, S. M., & Lahey, B. B. (1990). Mental health professionals' perception of the utility of children, mothers, and teachers as informants on childhood pathology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 136–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonigan, C. J., Carey, M. P., & Finch, A. J., Jr. (1994). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: Negative affectivity and the utility of self-reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1000–1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonigan, C. J., Hooe, E. S., David, C. F., & Kistner, J. A. (1999). Positive and negative affectivity in children: Confirmatory factor analysis of a two-factor model and its relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 374–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney, Australia: Psychological Foundation of Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, K. A., Manuck, S. B., & Saab, P. G. (1986). Cardiovascular responses of adolescents during a naturally occurring stressor and their behavioral and psychophysiological predictors. Psychophysiology, 23, 198–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelson, C., & Gipson, M. (1997). Self-report of autonomic arousal by children. Paper presented at the 31st meeting of the American Association of Behavior Therapy, Miami, FL.

  • Mitchell, J., McCauley, E., Burke, P. M., & Moss, S. J. (1988). Phenomenology of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 12–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullaney, J. A. (1984). The relationship between anxiety and depression: Areview of some principal component analytic studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 7, 139–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norvell, N., Brophy, C., & Finch, A. J., Jr. (1985). The relationship of anxiety to childhood depression. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 150–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H., & King, N. J. (1994). Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of internalizing problems in children: The role of longitudinal data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 918–927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C., & Peterson, D. R. (1996). Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reidy, J., & Keogh, E. (1997). Testing the discriminant and convergent validity of the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire using a British sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 337–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children' manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1985). Revised Children' Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (Ed.). (1992). Internalizing disorders in children and adolescents. NY: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rie, H. E. (1966). Depression in childhood: A survey of some pertinent contributions. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 653–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, K. D., Lambert, S. F., Osborne, L., Gathright, T., & Kumar, S. (2000). Developmental considerations in anxiety and depression: II. The emergence of sex differences across early adolescence. Manuscript under revision.

  • Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161–1178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. A., & Feldman Barrett, L. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 805–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russo, M. F., & Beidel, D. C. (1994). Comorbidity of childhood anxiety and externalizing disorders: Prevalence, associated characteristics, and validation issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 199–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, L. D., & Ollendick, T. H. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: An integrative review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 125–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent versions. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W., K., Fleisig, W., Rabian, B., & Peterson, R. A. (1991) Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 162–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D. (1973). Preliminary manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (“How I Feel Questionnaire”). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, K. D., Kaslow, N. J., & Laurent, J. (1993). The assessment of depression in children: Are we assessing depression or the broad-band construct of negative affectivity? Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 1, 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, C. C., Frame, C. L., & Forehand, R. (1987). Psychosocial impairment associated with anxiety in children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 235–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, C. C., Lahey, B. B., Frick, P., Frame, C. L., & Hynd, G. W. (1988). Peer social status of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 137–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999a). Further support for a hierarchical model of affect: Reply to Green and Salovey. Psychological Science, 10, 307–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999b). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10, 297–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomarken, A. J. (1995). A psychometric perspective on psychophysiological measures. Psychological Assessment, 7, 387–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. I. The positive affects. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. II. The negative affects. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. (1988). The vicissitudes of mood measurement: Effects of varying descriptors, time frames, and response formats on measures of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 128–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. (2000). Mood and temperament. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1991a). The Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa, Department of Psychology, Iowa City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1991b). The PANAS-X: Preliminary manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded form. Unpublished manuscript, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: Recurrent and emergent issues. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 267–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1984). Cross-cultural convergence in the structure of mood: A Japanese replication and a comparison with U. S. findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 127–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A. (1999). The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 820–838.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B., Jackson, E. W., & Süsser, K. (1997). Effect of cooccurrence of the referability of internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 198–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., Wolk, S., Wickramaratne, P., Goldstein, R. B., Adams, P., Greenwald, S., Ryan, N. D., Dahl, R. E., & Steinberg, D. (1999). Children with prepubertal-onset major depression disorder and anxiety grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 794–801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, K., Gullone, E., & Moss, S. (1998). The youth version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: A psychometric validation. Behaviour Change, 15, 187–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski, J. J., Naglieri, J. A., & Mulick, J. A. (1988). Psychometric properties of a children' psychosomaticsymptomchecklist. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 497–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, V. V., Finch, A. J., Jr. Saylor, C. F., Blount, R. L., Pallmeyer, T. P., & Carek, D. J. (1987). Negative affectivity in children: Amultitrait-multimethod investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 245–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolston, J. L., Rosenthal, S. L., Riddle, M. A., Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Zimmerman, L. D. (1989). Childhood comorbidity of anxiety/affective disorders and behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 707–713.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yik, M. S. M., Russell, J. A., & Feldman Barrett, L. (1999). Structure of self-reported current affect: Integration and beyond. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 600–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zevon, M. A., & Tellegen, A. (1982). The structure of mood change: Anidiographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 43, 111–122.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Laurent, J., Ettelson, R. An Examination of the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression and Its Application to Youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 4, 209–230 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017547014504

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017547014504

Navigation