Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between child strengths and functional impairment, specifically whether youth with greater levels of functional impairment also exhibit strengths. The relationship was investigated for children (N = 1,838) of different genders, ages, race, and ethnic backgrounds and whose families were living at different income levels. A moderate relationship was found between child strengths and functional impairment. Those children with even the most severe functional impairment were rated as having average or near average strengths. With the exception of gender, the relationship between impairment and strengths did not differ as a function of demographic characteristics. These findings provide additional support for the construct validity of the Behavioral and Emotional Strengths Rating Scale (M. Epstein & J. Sharma, 1998) and they highlight the need for strength-based assessment and screening for youth entering mental health services. Child strengths as the foundation for service planning and implementation, and other implications are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
references
CMHS. (1997). Annual report to Congress on the evaluation of the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and their Families Program. Atlanta, GA: ORC Macro.
CMHS. (1998). Annual report to Congress on the Evaluation of the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and their Families Program. Atlanta, GA: ORC Macro.
CMHS. (1999). Annual report to Congress on the Evaluation of the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and their Families Program. Atlanta, GA: ORC Macro.
Conrad, M., &; Hammen, C. (1993). Protective and resource factors in high-risk and low-risk children: A comparison of children with unipolar, bipolar, medically ill and normal mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 593-607.
Cross, T. P., &; McDonald, E. (1995). Evaluating the outcome of children's mental health services: A guide for the use of available child and family outcome measures. Boston, MA: Judge Baker Children's Center.
Epstein, M. (1999). The development and validation of a scale to assess the emotional and behavioral strengths of children and adolescents. Remedial and Special Education, 20 (5), 253-262.
Epstein, M., Dakan, E., Oswald, D., &; Yoe, J. (2001). Using strengths-based data to evaluate children's mental health programs. In M. Hernandez &; S. Hodges (Eds.), Developing outcome strategies in children's mental health (pp. 153-166). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
Epstein, M., Harniss, M., Pearson, N., &; Ryser, G. (1999). The Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale: Test–retest and interrater reliability. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 8(3), 319-327.
Epstein, M. H., Hertzog, M. A., &; Reid, R. (2001). The Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale: Long-term test–retest reliability. Behavioral Disorders, 26 (4), 314-320.
Epstein, M., Nordness, P., Nelson, J., &; Hertzog, M. (2002). Convergent validity of the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale with primary grade-level students. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 22 (2), 114-121.
Epstein, M., Ryser, G., &; Pearson, N. (2002). Standardization of the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale: Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 29 (2), 208-216.
Epstein, M., &; Sharma, J. (1998). Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale: A strengths-based approach to assessment. Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
Friedman, K. A., Leone, P. E., &; Friedman, P. (1999). Strength-based assessment of children with SED: Consistency of reporting by teachers and parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 8(2), 169-180.
Gresham, F., &; Elliott, S. (1990). Social skills rating system manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Harniss, M., Epstein, M., Ryser, G., &; Pearson, N. (1999). The Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale: Convergent validity. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 17 (1), 4-14.
Hodges, K. (1994). Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale. Ypsilanti, MI: Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University.
Hodges, K. (1997). CAFAS manual for training coordinators, clinical administrators and data managers. Ypsilanti, MI: Eastern Michigan University.
Hodges, K., Doucette-Gates, A., &; Kim, C. (2000). Predicting service utilization with the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale in a sample of youth with serious emotional disturbance served by Center for Mental Health Service-funded demonstrations. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 27 (1), 47-59.
Hodges, K., Doucette-Gates, A., &; Liao, Q. (2000). The relationship between the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS) and indicators of functioning. Journal of Child and Family, 8 (1), 109-122.
Hodges, K., &; Wong, M. (1996). Psychometric characteristics of a multidimensional measure to assess impairment: The Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 5 (4), 445-467.
Hodges, K., &; Wong, M. (1997). Use of the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS) to predict service utilization and cost. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 24 (3), 278-290.
Holden, E., Friedman, R., &; Santiago, R. (2001). Overview of the National Evaluation of the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and their Families Program. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9 (1), 4-12.
Lourie, I., Katz-Leavy, J., &; Stroul, B. (1996). Individualized services in a system of care. In B. Stroul (Ed.), Children's mental health: Creating systems of care in a changing society (pp.429-452). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
Lyons, J., Kisiel, C., &; West, C. (1997). Child and Adolescent Strengths Assessment (CASA): A pilot study Family Matters, 3, 30-33.
Lyons, J., Uziel-Miller, N., Reyes, F., &; Sokol, P. (2000). Strengths of children and adolescents in residential settings: Prevalence and associations with psychopathology and discharge placement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39 (2), 176-181.
Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56 (3), 227-238.
Oswald, D., Cohen, R., Best, A., Jenson, C., &; Lyons, J. (2001). Child strengths and the level of care for children with emotional and behavioral disorders. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9 (3), 192-199.
Rudolph, S., &; Epstein, M. (2000). Empowering children and families through strength-based assessment. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 8 4, 207-209.
Sacks, O. (1987). The man who mistook his wife for a hat. New York: Harper Perennial.
Seifer, R., Sameroff, A., Baldwin, C., &; Baldwin, A. (1992). Child and family factors that ameliorate risk between 4 and 13 years of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31 5, 892-903.
Tavitian, M., Lubiner, J., Green, L., Grebstein, L., &; Velicer, W. (1987). Dimensions of family functioning. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2, 191-204.
Tiet, Q., Bird, H., Davies, M., Hoven, C., Cohen, P., Jensen, P., et al. (1998). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1191-1200.
U.S. Department of Education. (1994). National agenda for achieving better results for children and youth with serious emotional disturbance. Washington, DC: Author.
Van Den Berg, J., &; Grealish, E. (1996). Individualized services an supports through the wraparound process: Philosophy and procedures. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 5, 7-22.
Walrath, C., Mandell, D., Liao, Q., Holden, E., De Carolis, G., Santiago, R., et al. (2001). Suicide attempts in the “Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and their Families” program. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 (10), 1197-1205.
Walrath, C., Sharp, M., Zuber, M., &; Leaf, P. (2001). Serving children with serious emotional disturbance in urban systems of care: Referral agency differences in child characteristics in Baltimore and the Bronx. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9 2, 94-105.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Walrath, C.M., Mandell, D.S., Holden, E.W. et al. Assessing the Strengths of Children Referred for Community-Based Mental Health Services. Ment Health Serv Res 6, 1–8 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MHSR.0000011252.84719.f2
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MHSR.0000011252.84719.f2