Skip to main content
Log in

“He Killed My Mommy!” Murder or Attempted Murder of a Child's Mother

  • Published:
Journal of Family Violence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The murder or attempted murder of a child's mother in the context of domestic violence is a significant event in a child's life and carries with it multiple additional possible stressors. Children experiencing these situations have not, to date, been well studied. This paper discusses what is currently known in the literature about these children and provides some initial descriptive sociodemographic and contextual data regarding 237 children who experienced the murder (N = 146) or attempted murder (N = 91) of their mother by a current or estranged intimate partner. These data are part of a 10-city study to identify the risk factors in intimate partner homicide. This descriptive study suggests the alarming prevalence of children exposed to their mothers' murders or attempted murders, the paucity of systematic interventions provided to these children, the likelihood of their exposure to prior marital violence and/or child abuse, the multiple stressors they encounter after the incident, and some of the demographic variables associated with femicide and attempted femicide. Affected children are most likely to be under the age of 10 at the time of the homicide or attempted homicide with mothers who are between the ages of 30 and 39, working but earning less than $25,000 per year. Poor African American women and their children are especially vulnerable. Many of the children actually witnessed the homicide or attempted homicide (35% of homicide cases; 62% of the attempteds) or found their mother after the attack (37% of homicides cases; 28% of attempteds), but significant numbers of these children received no or little intervention. The critical needs for community-based prevention and intervention programs are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Annest, J. L., Mercy, J. A., Gibson, D. R., and Ryan, G. W. (1995). National estimates of nonfatal firearm-related injuries: Beyond the tip of the iceberg. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 273: 1749-1754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attala, J. M., Bauuza, K., Pratt, H., and Viera, D. (1995). Integrative review of the effects on children of witnessing domestic violence. Issues Compr. Pediatr. Nurs. 18: 163-172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergen, M. E. (1958). The effect of severe trauma on a four-year-old. Psychoanal. Study Child 13: 407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, D., Harris-Hendricks, J., and Kaplan, T. (1992). Father kills mother: Post-traumatic stress disorder in the children. Psychother. Psychosom. 57: 152-157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, D., and Kaplan, T. (1988). Father kills mother: Issues and problems encountered by a child psychiatric team. Br. J. Psychiatry 153: 624-630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent, D. A., Perpec, J., Moritz, G., Allman, C., Friend, A., Schweers, J., Roth, C, Balach, L., Harrington, K. (1992). Psychiatric effects of exposure to suicide among friends and acquaintances of adolescent suicide victims. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 629-639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burman, S., and Allen-Meares, P. (1994). Negl L.R. ted victims of murder: Children's witness to parental homicide. Soc. Work 39: 28-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. C., and Lewandowski, L. (1997). Mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and children. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 20: 353-374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. C., and Parker, B. (1992). Review of nursing research on battered women and their children. In Fitzpatrick, R., Taunton, R., and Jacox, A. (eds.), Annual Review of Nursing Research, Springer, New York, pp. 77-94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalk, R., and King, P. A. (eds.). (1998). Executive Summary of Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. C., Pynoos, R. S., and Goebel, A. E. (1996). Mechanisms and processes of adolescent bereavement. In Haggerty, R. J., Sherrod, L. R., Garmezy, N., and Rutter, M. (eds.), Stress, Risk, and Resilience in Children and Adolescents: Processes, Mechanisms, and Interventions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 100-146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J., Dodge, K., and Coppotelli, H. (1982). Dimensions and types of social status: A cross-age perspective. Dev. Psychol. 18: 557-570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J., and Kupersmidt, J. (1983). A behavioral analysis of emerging social status in boys' groups. Child Dev. 54: 1400-1416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowles, K. V. (1988). Personal world expansion for survivors of murder victims. Western J. Nurs. Res. 10: 687-699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowell, N. A., and Burgess, A. W. (1996). Understanding Violence Against Women, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, M., and Gartner, R. (1998). Differences in the characteristics of intimate femicides: The role of relationship state and relationship status. Homicide Stud. 26.

  • De Rosier, M., Cillessen, A., Coie, J., and Dodge, K. (1995). Group social context & children's aggressive behavior. Child Dev. 65: 1068-1078.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Sheikh, M., and Cheskes, J. (1995). Background verbal and physical anger: A comparison of children's responses to adult-adult and adult-child arguments. Child Dev. 66: 446-458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, R. (1989). Family violence. Am. Psychol. 44(2): 321-328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eth, S., and Pynoos, R. S. (1994). Children who witness the homicide of a parent. Psychiatry 57: 287-306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J., and Browne, A. (1994). Violence between spouses and intimates: Physical aggression between women and men in intimate relationships. In Reiss, A. J., and Roth, A. (eds.), Understanding and Preventing Violence, Vol. 3, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 115-292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Famularo, R., Fenton, T., Kinscheriff, R., Ayoub, C., Barnum, R. (1994). Maternal and child posttraumatic stress disorder in cases of child maltreatment. Child Abuse Neglect 18: 27-36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (1996). Uniform Crime Reports, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, K. (1997). Fighting among America's youth: A risk and protective factors approach. J. Health Soc. Behav. 38: 131-148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, D. (1995). Controlling crime before it happens: Risk-focused prevention. Natl. Inst. Just. J. 229: 10-18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heikes, K. (1997). Parental suicide: A systems perspective. Bull. Menninger Clin. 61: 354-367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henricks, J. H., Black, D., and Kaplan, T. (1993). When Father Kills Mother, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, H. M., Parkinson, D., and Vargo, M. (1989). Witnessing spouse abuse and experiencing physical abuse: A “double whammy”? J. Fam. Violence 4: 197-209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, J. (1993). The children of battered women. In Campbell, J., and Humphreys, J. (eds.), Nursing Care of Survivors of Family Violence, Mosby, St. Louis, MO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerouac, S., Taggart, M. E., Lescop, J., and Fortin, M. F. (1986). Dimensions of health in violent families. Health Care Women Intl. 7: 413-426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolbo, J. R. (1996). Risk and resilience among children exposed to family violence. Violence Victims 11: 113-128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kupersmidt, J., Griesler, P., DeRosier, M., Patterson, C., and Davis, P. (1995). Childhood aggression and peer relations in the context of family and neighborhood factors. Child Dev. 66: 360-375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langford, L., Isaac, N. E., Kabat, S. (1998). Homicides related to intimate partner violence in Massachusetts. Homicide Stud. 2: 353-377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebovici, S. (1974). Observations on children who have witnessed the violent death of one of their parents: A contribution to the study of traumatization. Intl. Rev. Psychoanal. 1: 117-123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmquist, C. (1986). Children who witness parental murder: Post-traumatic aspects. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 25: 320-325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marzuk, P. M., Tardiff, K., and Hirsch, C. S. (1992). The epidemiology of murder–suicide. JAMA 267: 3179-3183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters, R., Friedman, L. N., and Getzel, G. (1988). Helping families of homicide victims: A multidimensional approach. J. Trauma. Stress 1: 109-125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxfield, M. G., and Widom, C. S. (1996). The cycle of violence: Revisited 6 years later. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 150: 390-395.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, J., Parker, B., and Soeken, K. (1995). Abuse during pregnancy: Frequency, severity, perpetrator, and risk factors of homicide. Public Health Nurs. 12: 284-289.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKay, M. M. (1994). The link between domestic violence and child abuse: assessment and treatment considerations. Child Welfare 73(1): 29-39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morroco, K. E., Runyan, C., and Butts, J. D. (1998). Femicide in North Caroline, 1991–1993: A statewide study of patterns and precursors. Homicide Stud. 2: 422-446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, E., Runyan, C. W., Moracco, K. E., Butts, J. (1998). Partner homicide-suicide involving female homicide victims: a population-based study in North Carolina, 1988–1992, Violence & Victims. 13(2): 91-106.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Justice (1997). A study of homicide in eight US cities: An NIJ intramural research project, US Department of Justice, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Offord, D., Boyle, M., and Racine, Y. (1991). The epidemiology of antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence. In Pepler, D., and Rubin, K. (eds.), The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression, pp. 31-54, Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkes, C. M. (1993). Psychiatric problems following bereavement by murder or manslaughter. Br. J. Psychiatry 162: 49-54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pepler, D., and Rubin, K. (1991). Introduction H:llsdale, Nu: L. Erlbaum Association: Current challenges. In Pepler, D., and Rubin, K. (eds.), The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression, pp. xiii-xvii, Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruett, K. D. (1979). Home treatment for two infants who witnessed their mother's murder. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 18: 647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S., and Eth, S. (1983). The child as criminal witness to homicide. J. Soc. Issues 40: 87-108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S., and Eth, S. (1986). Witness to violence: The child interview. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry 25: 306-319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S., Frederick, C., Nader, K., Arroyo, W., Steinberg, A., Eth, S., Nunez, F., and Fairbanks, L. (1987). Life threat and post-traumatic stress in school-age children. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44: 1057-1063.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S., and Nader, K. (1988). Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications. J. Traum. Stress 1: 445-473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S., and Nader, K. (1990). Children's exposure to violence and traumatic death. Psychiatric Ann. 20: 334-344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, M. (1990). The role of depression in couples involved in murder–suicide and homicide. Am. J. Psychiatry 147: 1036-1039.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, R. (1997). Changing relationships between men and women: A note on the decline in intimate partner homicide. Homicide Stud. 1: 72-83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudestam, K. E. (1977). Physical & psychological responses to suicide in the family. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 45: 162-170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schetky, D. H. (1978). Preschooler's responses to murder of their mothers by their fathers: A study of four cases. Bull. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law 6: 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharps, P. W., Koziol-McLain, J., Campbell, J. C., and Sachs, C. (2001). Health care providers' missed opportunities for preventing femicide. Prev Med. 33: 373-380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheperd, D. H., and Barraclough, B. M. (1976). The aftermath of parental suicide for children. Br. J. Psychiatry 129: 267-276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. H., Morroco, K. E., and Butts, J. D. (1998). Partner homicide in context: a population-based perspective. Homicide Studies 26: 400-421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. S., and Gelles, R. J. (1990). Physical Violence in American Families, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiist, W., and McFarlane, J. (1998). Severity of spousal and intimate partner abuse to pregnant Hispanic women. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 9: 248-261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S., Cameron, S., Jaffe, P., and Wolfe, D. (1989). Children exposed to wife abuse: An intervention model. Soc. Casework 70: 180-184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, D. A., and Korsch, B. (1994). Witnessing domestic violence during childhood and adolescence: Implications for pediatric practice. Pediatrics 94: 594-599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zenah, C. H., and Burk, G. S. (1984). A young child who witnessed her mother's murder: Therapeutic and legal considerations. Am. J. Psychother. 38: 132-145.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lewandowski, L.A., Mcfarlane, J., Campbell, J.C. et al. “He Killed My Mommy!” Murder or Attempted Murder of a Child's Mother. Journal of Family Violence 19, 211–220 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOFV.0000032631.36582.23

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOFV.0000032631.36582.23

Navigation