Abstract
There are 28 subgroups in the Asian American Pacific Islander (AAPI) ethnic population. They accounted for 12.5 million persons in the year 2002 or 4.4% of the non-institutionalized US population (Reeves&Bennett, 2003). It is a rapidly growing population in the United States, particularly in Southern California. The Korean American population is the fifth largest ethnic group in the heterogeneous AAPI population. Despite their increasing numbers there lacks data regarding the health status and healthcare utilization of the AAPI population. The aim of this study is to characterize the health status and healthcare utilization of an Asian American ethnic group, the Korean Americans. The data are from the 2000 Korean American Health Survey (KAHS). This survey of 1,660 Korean Americans living in Los Angeles County assessed their health status and medical needs and composed the largest sample recruited for a health study on Korean Americans to date. For the study 208 Koreans Americans aged 65 and over were reported. Descriptive statistics were performed to illustrate the health status and needs of the Korean American older persons. Over one-half of the sample, 69% of the Korean American older persons in the study reported a fair or poor health status. This is in stark contrast to a survey conducted by the Commonwealth Fund, which found that 17% of the minorities and 30% of the Korean Americans rated their health as fair or poor (Commonwealth Fund, 2002). With regards to access to healthcare 21% of the Korean American older adults in the sample lacked health insurance and 31% had never visited a medical doctor within the last 12 months for a check up or consultation. It is felt that an individual's chance of being uninsured varies across the life span and that people 65 years and older have a minimal likelihood of being uninsured due to Medicare (IOM, 2001). However when looking at certain subgroups higher percentages of uninsured are revealed. One out of every three Koreans Americans in the US is uninsured compared to 21% of all AAPI and 14% non-Latino whites. In California the proportion is even higher with almost half of all Koreans being uninsured (Brown et al. 2001). This type of discrepancy compounds the “Model Minority Myth” that AAPI population is a successful minority group and do not have barriers to health care (Chen et al. 1995). One study examining health services research status in the AAPI found that Korean Americans were one of the most understudied populations relative to their size (Andersen et al. 1995). Since the AAPI population and subgroups are often not included in health services research this results in “myths” or inaccuracies regarding their health. Studies of AAPI populations are needed to provide information regarding the health of the population, educate health care providers to assist them in the care of ethnic populations and seek interventions to remove health disparities in minority populations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Administration on Aging. Achieving cultural competence: A guidebook for providers of services to older americans and their families. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.aoa.gov/prof/adddiv/cultural/addiv_cult.asp
Andersen R.M. & Davidson P.L. (2001). Improving access to care in America. Individual and contextual indicators. In R.M. Andersen, T.H Rice & G.F. Kominski (eds.) Changing the US health care system (pp 17-20). San Francisco Jossey.
Andersen, R., Harada, N., Chiu, V. & Makinodan, T. (1995). Application of the behavioral model to health studies of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans, Asian American and Pacific Islander Journal of Health 3(2): 128-141.
Bacon, C. A portrait of older minorities: Research Statistics Center, Research Group, AARP. http://research.aarp.org/general/portmino.html (accessed March 2003).
Barresi, C. & Stull, D. (1993). Ethnic elders and long-term care. Springer, New York.
Brown, E.R., Ponce, N. & Rice, T. (2001). The state of health insurance in California: Recent trends, future projects: UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA. http://www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu
Carrasquillo, O., Carrasquillo, A.I. & Shea, S. (2000). Health insurance coverage of immigrants living in the United States: Differences by citizenship status and country of origin. American Journal of Public Health 90(6): 917-923.
Chen, M. S., Jr. Hawks, & B.L. (1995). A debunking of the myth of healthy Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. American Journal of Promotion 9(4): 261-268.
Chow, M. (2003). Korean American history. http://www.asianweek.com. (accessed January 2003).
Commonwealth Fund (March 2002). Minority Americans lag behind Whites on nearly every measure of health care quality. Press Release. http://www.cmwf.org/media/releases/collins523_release03062002.asp
Insurance and Health Care Committee on Consequence of Uninsurance. (2001). Coverage matters. Washington, DC: Board on Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press.
Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging. (2002). A profile of older Americans: Health, health care and disability. http://www.aoa.gov/prof/Statistics/profile/12.asp. [Data accessed February 2003]
Health People (2000). Increase the proportion of human aged 40 years and older who have received a mammogram within the preeding 2 years. http://www.healthypeople.gov/document/html/objectives/03-13.htm [Data accessed November 2002]
Intercultural Cancer Council. Asian Americans and cancer. http://iccnetwork.org/cancerfacts/cfs3.htm [Data accessed April 2003]
Kagawa-Singer, M., Hikoyeda, N. & Tanjasiri, S.P. (1997). Aging, chronic conditions, and physical disabilities in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. In K.S. Markides and M.R. Miranda (eds.), Minorities, aging and health (pp. 149-175). Thousand oaks, CA: Sage.
Keppel, K.G., Pearcy, J.N. & Wagener, D.K. (January 2002). Trends in racial and ethnic-specific rates for the health status indicators: United States, 1990–98. Healthy people statistical notes. No. 23. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/releases/02news/healthimpr.htm
Kitano, H.H.L. & Daniels, R. (1988). Asian Americans. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall.
Kuo, J. & Porter, K. (1998). Health status of Asian Americans: United States, 1992–94. Advance Data; No. 298: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC.
Lai, E. & Arguelles, D. (2001). The new face of Asian Pacific America. Numbers, diversity and changes in the 21st Century. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press.
Lucas, J.W., Schiller, J.S. & Benson, V. (2004). Summary health statistics for US Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2001. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Statistics 10(218): 74-76. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_218.pdf
Marcus, M. (2001). Oral health, dental care and the silent epidemic. Paper presented at UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA.
Moon, A., Lubben, J. E. & Villa, V. (1998). Awareness and utilization of community long-term care services by elders Korean and non-Hispanic white Americans. Gerontologist 38(3): 309-316; discussion 317–319.
National Center for Health Statistics. Oral and Dental Health. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/releases/96news/healthimpr.htm [Data accessed March 2003]
National Center for Health Statistics, Data warehouse on trends in health and aging. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm [Data accessed Feb 2004]
National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Use of dietary supplements. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/dietary.pdf [Data accessed June 2003]
Reed, R. (1998). Preventive interventions. In T.T. Yoshikawa, E.L. Cobbs & K. Brummel-Smith (eds.), Practical ambulatory geriatrics (pp. 176-177). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Reeves, T. & Bennett, C. (2003). The Asian American and Pacific Islander population in the United States: March 2002, Current Population Reports, P20-540, Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-540.pdf
SAS/STAT User';s Guide, version 8.2 (2000). Cary, NC: SAS.
Shin, E.H. & Yu, E.Y. (1984). Use of surname in ethnic research: The case of Kims in Korean American population, Demography 21: 347-360.
US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau American Fact Finder. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?;_bm=y&-geo_id=D&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP7&-ds_name= D&-lang=en [Data accessed March 2003]
US Census Bureau. Health Insurance Coverage 1997. http://www.census.gov/hhes/hlthins/hlthin97/hlt97asc.html [Data accessed March 2003]
US Citizenship and Immigration Services. Immigration Information. http://uscis.gov/graphics/shared/aboutus/statistics/299.htm [Data accessed March 2003]
Wallace, S.P., Abel, E.K., Stefanowicz, P. & Pourat, N. (2001). Long-term care and the elderly population. In R.M. Andersen, T.H Rice & G.F. Kominski. Changing the US health care system (pp. 205-223). San Francisco Jossey.
Yee, D.L. (1992). Health care access and advocacy for immigrant and other underserved elders. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved 2: 448-464.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sohn, L. The Health and Health Status of Older Korean Americans at the 100-Year Anniversary of Korean Immigration. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 19, 203–219 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JCCG.0000034219.97686.69
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JCCG.0000034219.97686.69