Skip to main content
Log in

Formative assessment in higher education: Moves towards theory and the enhancement of pedagogic practice

  • Published:
Higher Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The importance of formative assessment instudent learning is generally acknowledged, butit is not well understood across higher education.The identification of some key features offormative assessment opens the way for adiscussion of theory. It is argued that thereis a need for further theoretical developmentin respect of formative assessment, which needsto take account of disciplinary epistemology,theories of intellectual and moral development,students' stages of intellectual development,and the psychology of giving and receivingfeedback. A sketch is offered of the directionthat this development might take. It is notedthat formative assessment may be eitherconstructive or inhibitory towards learning. Suggestions are made regarding research intoformative assessment, and how research mightcontribute to the development of pedagogicpractice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Argyris, C. and Schön, D. (1974). Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ausubel, D.P. (1968). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, R. (1997). Higher Education: A Critical Business. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baume, D. and Yorke, M. (2002). 'The reliability of assessment by portfolio on a course to develop and accredit teachers in higher education', Studies in Higher Education 27(1), 7-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, J. (1999). Teaching for Quality Learning at University. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, J.B. and Collis, K.F. (1982). Evaluating the Quality of Learning: The SOLO Taxonomy (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, P. (1998). 'Formative assessment: Raising standards', School Science Review 80(291), 39-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, P. and Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education 5(1), 7-74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bligh, D. (1998). What's the Use of Lectures? 5th edn. Exeter: Intellect.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, B.S., (ed.) (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives [Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain]. London: Longmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, B.S., Hastings, J.T. and Madaus, G.F. (1971). Handbook on Formative and Summative Evaluation of Student Learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boud, D. (1995). 'Assessment and learning: Contradictory or complementary?', in Knight, P. (ed.), Assessment for Learning in Higher Education. London: Kogan Page, pp. 35-48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boud, D. (2000). 'Sustainable assessment: Rethinking assessment for the learning society', Studies in Continuing Education 22(2), 151-167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G., with Bull, J. and Pendlebury, M. (1997). Assessing Student Learning in Higher Education. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. (1999). 'Institutional strategies for assessment', in Brown, S. and Glasner, A. (eds.), Assessment Matters in Higher Education: Choosing and Using Diverse Approaches. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press, pp. 3-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. and Knight, P. (1994). Assessing Learners in Higher Education. London: Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J.S. (1970). 'Some theories on instruction', in Stones, E. (ed.), Readings in Educa-tional Psychology. London: Methuen, pp. 112-124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J.S. (1974). Beyond the Information Given: Studies in the Psychology of Knowing.Ed Anglin, J.M. London: Allen and Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunson, B.I. and Matthews, K.A. (1981). 'The Type-A coronary-prone behavior pattern and reaction to uncontrollable stress: An analysis of performance strategies, affect, and attributions during failure', Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 40, 906-918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, M. (1995). 'Formative assessment workshops: feedback sessions for large classes', Biochemical Education 23(2), 65-67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, J. (1998). On Becoming an Innovative University Teacher: Reflection in Action.Buckingham: SRHE and the Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowie, B. and Bell, B. (1999). 'A model of formative assessment in science education', Assessment in Education 6(1), 101-116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C.S. (1999). Self-Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality and Development. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C.S. and Leggett, E.L. (1988). 'A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality', Psychological Review 95, 256-273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ecclestone, K. and Swann, J. (1999). 'Litigation and learning: tensions in improving university lecturers' assessment practice', Assessment in Education 6(3), 377-389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, E.W. (1985). The Art of Educational Evaluation: A Personal View. London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, E. and Dweck, C. (1988). 'Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement', Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 54, 5-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eraut, M. (1994). Developing Professional Knowledge and Competence. London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, G. (1999). 'Using assessment strategically to change the way students learn', in Brown, S. and Glasner, A. (eds.), Assessment Matters in Higher Education: Choosing and Using Diverse Approaches. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press, pp. 41-53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gipps, C.V. (1994). Beyond Testing: Towards a Theory of Educational Assessment. London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlen, W. and James, M. (1997). 'Assessment and learning: differences and relationships between formative and summative assessment', Assessment in Education 4(3), 365-379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrow, A.J. (1972). Taxonomy of the Psychomotor Domain: A Guide for Developing Behavioral Objectives. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • HEFCE (1999). Performance Indicators in Higher Education, 1996-1997, 1997-1998. Bristol: Higher Education Funding Council for England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heywood, J. (2000). Assessment in Higher Education: Student Learning, Teaching, Programmes and Institutions. London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, L. (1966). Contrary Imaginations. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, P.M. and Kitchener, K.S. (1994). Developing Reflective Judgment: Understanding and Promoting Intellectual Growth and Critical Thinking in Adolescents and Young Adults. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, P. (2000). 'The value of a programme-wide approach to assessment', Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 25(3), 237-251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. (1964). The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice. San Francisco: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krathwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S. and Masia, B.B. (1964). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives [Handbook 2: Affective Domain]. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurillard, D. (1993). Rethinking University Teaching: A Framework for the Effective Use of Educational Technology. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeachie, W.J. (1997). 'Good teaching makes a difference-and we know what it is', in Perry, R.P. and Smart, J.C. (eds.), Effective Teaching in Higher Education: Research and Practice. Bronx, NY: Agathon, pp. 396-408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mentkowski, M. and Associates (2000). Learning that Lasts: Integrating Learning, Development, and Performance in College and Beyond. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C.M.L. and Parlett, M. (1974). Up to the Mark: A Study of the Examination Game [Monograph 21]. London: Society for Research into Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • NCIHE (1997). Higher Education in the Learning Society (Report of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education: 'The Dearing Report'). Norwich: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascarella, E.T. and Terenzini, P.T. (1991). How College Affects Students. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, W.G. (1998). Forms of Ethical and Intellectual Development in the College Years. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass [Reprint of 1970 text, with a new introduction by L.L. Knefelkamp].

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., Maier, S.F. and Seligman, M.E.P. (1993). Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the Age of Personal Control. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M. (1958). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Postcritical Philosophy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to Teach in Higher Education. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolfe, I. and McPherson, J. (1995). 'Formative assessment: how am I doing?', Lancet 345(8953), 837-839.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowntree, D. (1987). Assessing Students: How Shall We Know Them? [Revised edition] London: Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadler, D.R. (1989). 'Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems', Instructional Science 18(2), 119-141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadler, D.R. (1998). 'Formative assessment: Revisiting the territory', Assessment in Education 5(1), 77-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schön, D.A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, L.A. (2000). 'The role of assessment in a learning culture', Educational Researcher 29(7), 4-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, J. (1998). 'The concept of capability and its importance in higher education', in Stephenson, J. and Yorke, M. (eds.), Capability and Quality in Higher Education. London: Kogan Page, pp. 1-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swann, J. and Ecclestone, K. (1999). 'Improving lecturers' assessment practice in higher education: A problem-based approach', Educational Action Research 7(1), 63-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylva, K. (1994). 'School influences on children's development', Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35(1), 135-170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tittle, C.K. (1994). 'Toward an educational psychology of assessment for teaching and learning: theories, contexts and validation arguments', Educational Psychologist 29(3), 149-162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrance, H. (1993). 'Formative assessment: Some theoretical problems and empirical questions', Cambridge Journal of Education 23(3), 333-343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrance, H. and Pryor, J. (1998). Investigating Formative Assessment: Teaching, Learning and Assessment in the Classroom. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrance, H. and Pryor, J. (2001). 'Developing formative assessment in the classroom: using action research to explore and modify theory', British Educational Research Journal 27(5), 615-631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaz, M., Avadhany, S.T. and Rao, B.S. (1996). 'Student perspectives on the role of formative assessment in physiology', Medical Teacher 18(4), 324-326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, R., Chair (1997). Learning for Life. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, A. (1995). Competence-Based Assessment. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, R. (1987). Measurement and Assessment in Education and Psychology: Collected Papers 1967-1987. London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yorke, M. (1999). Getting it Right First Time. Cheltenham: Universities and Colleges Admissions Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yorke, M. (2000). 'A cloistered virtue? Pedagogical research and policy in UK higher education', Higher Education Quarterly 54(2), 106-126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yorke, M. (2001). 'Telling it as it is? Massification, performance indicators and the press', Tertiary Education and Management 7(1), 57-68.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yorke, M. Formative assessment in higher education: Moves towards theory and the enhancement of pedagogic practice. Higher Education 45, 477–501 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023967026413

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023967026413

Navigation