REFERENCES
Alliger, G.M. and K.J. Williams: 1993, ‘Using signal-contingent experience sampling methodology to study work in the field: A discussion and illustration examining task perceptions and mood’, Personnel Psychology 46, pp. 525–549.
Ayllon, T. and E. Haughton: 1964, ‘Modification of symptomatic verbal behavior of mental patients’, Behavioral Research Therapy 2, pp. 87–98.
Bank, L., T.J. Dishion, M. Skinner and G.R. Patterson: 1990, ‘Method variance in structural equation modeling: Living with “glop,”’ in G.R. Patterson (ed.), Depression and Aggression in Family Interaction. Advances in Family Research (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc, Hillsdale, NJ), pp. 247–279.
Barnes, R.M.: 1956, Work Sampling (Wiley, New York).
Beidel, D.C., A.M. Neal and A.S. Lederer: 1991, ‘The feasibility and validity of a daily diary for the assessment of anxiety in children’, Behavior Therapy 22, pp. 505–517.
Brandstaetter, H.: 1983, ‘Emotional responses to other persons in everyday life situations’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45, pp. 871–883.
Brunswik, E.: 1949, Systematic and Representative Design of Psychological Experiments (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA).
Campbell, D.T. and D.W. Fiske: 1959, ‘Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix, Psychological Bulletin 56, pp. 81–105.
Case Institute of Technology: 1958, An operations research study of the scientific acitivy of chemists (Operations Research Group, Cleveland, Ohio).
Cattell, R.B.: 1957, Personality and Motivation: Structure and Measurement (World Book, New York).
Cerin, E., A. Szabo and C. Williams: 2001, ‘Is the experience sampling method (ESM) appropriate for studying pre-competitive emotions?’, Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2, pp, 27–45.
Conner, T., L. Feldman Barrett, E. Bliss-Moreau, K. Lebo and C. Kaschub: ‘A practical guide to experience-sampling procedures’, Journal of Happiness Studies (this issue).
Cote, S. and D.S. Moskowitz: 1998, ‘On the dynamic covariation between interpersonal behavior and affect: Prediction from neuroticism, extroversion, and agreeableness’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, pp. 1032–1046.
Cruise, C.E., J. Broderick, L. Porter, A. Kaell and A.A. Stone: 1996, ‘Reactive effects of diary self-assessment in chronic pain patients’, Pain 67, pp. 253–258.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. and R. Larson: 1984, Being Adolescent: Conflict and Growth in the Teenage Years (Basic Books, New York).
Csikszentmihalyi, M. and R. Larson: 1987, ‘Validity and reliability of the experience sampling method’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175, pp. 526–537.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., R. Larson and S. Prescott: 1977, ‘The ecology of adolescent activity and experience’, Journal of Youth and Adolescence 6, pp. 281–294.
Cutler, S.E., R.J. Larsen and S.C. Bruce: 1996, ‘Repressive coping style and the experience and recall of emotion: A naturalistic study of daily affect’, Journal of Personality 64, pp. 379–405.
delle Fave, A. and F. Massimini: 1992, ‘The ESM and the measurement of clinical change: A case of anxiety disorder’, in M.W. deVries (ed.), The Experience of Psychopathology: Investigating Mental Disorders in Their Natural Settings (Cambridge University Press, New York) pp. 280–289.
Diener, E. and R. Biswas-Diener: 2000, New Directions in Subjective Well-Being Research: The Cutting Edge. Unpublished manuscript. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Diener, E. and C. Diener: 1996, ‘Most people are happy’, Psychological Science 7, pp. 181–185.
Diener, E. and R.A. Emmons: 1985, ‘The independence of positive and negative affect’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47, pp. 1108–1117.
Diener, E. and F. Fujita: 1995, ‘Resources, personal strivings, and subjective wellbeing: A nomthetic and idiographic approach’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, pp. 926–935.
Diener, E. and R.J. Larsen: 1984, ‘Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47, pp. 871–883.
Diener, E., R.J. Larsen and R.A. Emmons: 1984, ‘Person × Situation interactions: Choice of situations and congruence response models’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47, pp. 580–592.
Diener, E., R.J. Larsen, S. Levine and R.A. Emmons: 1985, ‘Intensity and frequency: Dimensions underlying positive and negative affect’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48, pp. 1253–1265.
Diener, E., R.E. Lucas, S. Oishi and E.M. Suh: 2002, ‘Looking up and looking down: Weighting good and bad information in life satisfaction judgments’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28, pp. 437–445.
Diener, E., H. Smith and F. Fujita: 1995, ‘The personality structure of affect’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, pp. 130–141.
Egloff, B., A. Tausch, C.-W. Kohlmann and H.W. Krohne: 1995, ‘Relationships between time of day, day of the week, and positive mood: Exploring the role of the mood measure’, Motivation and Emotion 19, pp. 99–110.
Emmons, R.A.: 1986, ‘Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, pp. 1058–1068.
Epstein, S.: 1980, ‘The stability of behavior: Implications for psychological research’, American Psychologist 9, pp. 790–806.
Fahrenberg, J. and M. Myrtek (eds): 2001, Progress in Ambulatory Assessment: Computer-Assisted Psychological and Psychophysiological Methods in Monitoring and Field Studies (Hogrefe and Huber Publishers, Kirkland, WA).
Feldman Barrett, L.: 1997, ‘The relationships among momentary emotion experiences, personality descriptions, and retrospective ratings of emotion’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23, pp. 1100–1110.
Fiske, D.: 1971, Measuring the Concepts of Personality (Aldine, Chicago).
Flory, J.D., K. Raeikkoenen, K.A. Matthews and J.F. Owens: 2000, ‘Self-focused attention and mood during everyday social interactions’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26, pp. 875–883.
Flügel, J.C.: 1925, ‘A quantitative study of feeling and emotion in every day life’, British Journal of Psychology 15, pp. 318–355.
Funder, D.C.: 2001, ‘Personality’, Annual Review of Psychology 52, pp. 197–221.
Han, J.J., M.D. Leichtman and Q. Wang: 1998, ‘Autobiographical memory inKorean, Chinese, and American children’, Developmental Psychology 34, pp. 701–713.
Heiland, R.E. and W.J. Richardson: 1957, Work Sampling (McGraw-Hill, New York).
Henry, B., T. Moffitt, A. Caspi, J. Langley and P.A. Silva: 1994, ‘On the “remembrance of things past”: A longitudinal evaluation of the retrospective method’, Psychological Assessment 6, pp. 92–101.
Hinricks, J.R.: 1964, ‘Communications activity of industrial research personnel’, Personnel Psychology 17, pp. 193–204.
Hormuth, S.E.: 1986, ‘The sampling of experiences in situ’, Journal of Personality 54, pp. 262–293.
Hurlburt, R.T.: 1997, ‘Randomly sampling thinking in the natural environment’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65, pp. 941–949.
Isen, A.M.: 1970, ‘Success, failure, attention, and reaction to others: The warm glow of success’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 15, pp. 294–301.
Isen, A.M and P.F. Levin: 1972, ‘Effect of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindness’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21, pp. 384–388.
Ji, L.-J., N. Schwarz and R.E. Nisbett: 2000, ‘Culture, autobiographical memory, and behavioral frequency reports: Measurement issues in cross-cultural studies’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26, 585–593.
Kahneman, D.: 1999, ‘Objective happiness’, in D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwarz (eds),Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (Russell Sage Foundation, New York), pp. 3–25.
Klinger, E.: (1978–1979), ‘Dimensions of thought an dimagery in normal waking states’, Journal of Altered States of Consciousness 4, 97–113.
Lamiell, J.T.: 1997, ‘Individuals and the differences between them’, in R. Hogan, J.A. Johnson and S.R. Briggs (eds), Handbook of Personality Psychology (Academic Press, San Diego, CA) pp. 117–141.
Larsen, R.J.: 1987, ‘The stability of mood variability: A spectral analytic approach to daily mood assessments’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, pp. 1195–1204.
Larsen, R.J. and E. Diener: 1987, ‘Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review’, Journal of Research in Personality 21, pp. 1–39.
Larsen, R.J., M. Kasimatis: 1990, ‘Individual differences in entrainment of mood to the weekly calendar’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, pp. 164–171.
Larson, R.W., M.H. Richards and M. Perry-Jenkins: 1994, ‘Divergent worlds: The daily emotional experience of mothers and fathers in the domestic and public spheres’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, pp. 1034–1046.
Larson, R. and P.A.E.G. Delespaul: 1992, ‘Analyzing experience sampling data: A guidebook for the perplexed’, in M.W. deVries (ed.), The Experience of Psychopathology: Investigating Mental Disorders in their Natural Settings (Cambridge University Press, New York), pp. 58–78.
Litt, M.D., N.L. Cooney and P. Morse: 1998, ‘Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) with treated alcoholics: Methodological problems and potential solutions,’ Health Psychology 17, pp. 48–52.
Lucas, R.E.: 2000, ‘Pleasant affect and sociability: Towards a comprehensive model of extraverted feelings and behaviors’, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Lynn, P.: 2001, ‘The impact of incentives on response rates to personal interview surveys: Role and perceptions of interviewers’, International Journal of Public Opinion Research 13, pp. 326–336.
Mathews, A. and C. MacLeod: 1994, ‘Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorderes’, Annual Review of Psychology 45, pp. 25–50.
McAdams, D.P.: 1995, ‘What do we know when we know a person?’ Journal of Personality 63, pp. 365–396.
McFarland, C., M. Ross, N. DeCourville: 1989, ‘Women's theories of menstruation and biases in recall of menstrual symptoms’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57, pp. 522–531.
Mehl, M.R., J.W. Pennebaker, M. Crow, J. Dabbs and J. Price: 2001, ‘The electronically activated recorder (EAR): A device for sampling naturalistic daily activities and conversations’, Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, Vol. 33, pp. 517–523.
Mischel, W.: 1968, Personality and Assessment (Wiley, New York).
Nolen-Hoeksema, S.: 1993, ‘Sex differences in control of depression’, in P.D.M. Wegner and J.W. Pennebaker (eds), Handbook of Mental Control (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey), pp. 306–324.
Nowlis, D.P. and A.Y. Cohen: 1968, ‘Mood-reports and the college natural setting: A day in the lives of three roommates under academic pressure’, Psychological Reports 23, pp. 551–566.
Oishi, S.: 2002, ‘The function of daily vs. retrospective judgments of satisfaction in relationship longevity’ (Manuscript in preparation).
Oishi, S., E. Diener, C.N. Scollon and R. Biswas-Diener.: 2002, ‘Cross-situational consistency of affective experiences across cultures’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (submitted).
Pavot, W., E. Diener and F. Fujita.: 1990, ‘Extraversion and happiness’, Personality and Individual Differences 11, pp. 1299–1306.
Pelham, B.W.: 1993, ‘The idiographic nature of human personality: Examples of the idiographic self-concept’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, pp. 665–677.
Ptacek, J.T., R.E. Smith, K. Espe and B. Raffety.: 1994, ‘Limited correspondence between daily coping reports and retrospective coping recall’, Psychological Assessment 6, pp. 41–49.
Redelmeier, D.A. and D. Kahneman.: 1996, ‘Patients' memories of painful medical treatments: Real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures’, Pain 66, pp. 3–8.
Reis, H.T. and S.L. Gable.: 2000, ‘Event-sampling and other methods for studying everyday experience’, in H.T. Reis and C.M. Judd (eds), Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology (Cambridge University Press, New York), pp. 190–222).
Robinson, D. and G.L. Clore.: 2002, ‘Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report: Evidence for two judgment processes’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, pp. 198–215.
Ross, M.: 1989, ‘Relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories’, Psychological Review 96, pp. 341–357.
Rusting, C.L. and R.J. Larsen.: 1998, ‘Diurnal patterns of unpleasant mood: Associations with neuroticism, depression, and anxiety’, Journal of Personality, 66, pp. 85–103.
Ruble, D.N.: 1977, ‘Premenstrual symptoms: A reinterpretation’, Science 197, pp. 291–292.
Schimmack, U.: ‘Affect measurement in experience sampling research’, Journal of Happiness Studies (this issue).
Schimmack, U.: ‘Frequency judgments of emotions: The cognitive basis of personality assessment’, in P. Sedelmeier and T. Betsch (eds), Frequency Processing and Cognition (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
Schimmack, U. and E. Diener.: 1997, ‘Affect intensity: Separating intensity and frequency in repeatedly measured affect’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73, pp. 1313–1329.
Schimmack, U., U. Bockenholt and R. Reisenzein.: 2002, ‘Response styles in affect ratings: Making a moutain out of a molehill’, Journal of Personality Assessment 78, pp. 461–483.
Schwarz, N.: 1994, ‘Judgment in a social context: Biases, shortcomings, and the logic of conversation’, in M. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 26 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA) pp. 123–162.
Schwarz, N.: 1999, ‘Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers’, American Psychologist 54, pp. 93–105.
Shedler, J., M. Mayman and M. Manis.: 1993, ‘The illusion of mental health’, American Psychologist 48, pp. 1117–1131.
Scollon, C.N., E. Diener, S. Oishi and R. Biswas-Diener.: 2002, ‘Culture, selfconcept, and memory for emotions’ (Manuscript under review).
Scollon, C.N., E. Diener and S. Oishi.: 2002, ‘An Experience Sampling and Cross-Cultural Investigation of Dialectical Emotional Experience’ (Manuscript in preparation).
Snijders, T.A.B. and R.J. Bosker.: 1999, Multilevel Analysis:AnIntroduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling, (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA).
Stone, A.A., R.C. Kessler and J.A. Haythornwaite.: 1991, ‘Measuring daily events and experiences: Decisions for the researcher’, Journal of Personality 59, pp. 575–607.
Stone, A.A., J.E. Schwartz, J.M. Neale, S. Shiffman, C.A. Marco, M. Hickcox, J. Paty, L.S. Porter and L.J. Curise.: 1998, ‘Acomparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, pp. 1670–1680.
Stone, A.A., S.S. Shiffman and M.W. DeVries.: 1999, ‘Ecological momentary assessment’, in D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwarz (eds),Well-Being: Foundations of a Hedonic Psychology (Russell Sage Foundation, New York), pp. 26–39.
Tennen, H., J. Suls and G., Affleck.: 1991, Personality and daily experience: The promise and the challenge. Journal of Personality 59, pp. 313–337.
Thomas, D.L. and E. Diener.: 1990, ‘Memory and accuracy in the recall of emotions’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59, pp. 291–297.
Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman.: 1973, Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR).
Wang, Q.: 2001, Culture effects on adults’ earliest childhood recollection and selfdescription: Implications for the relation between memory and the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, pp. 220–233.
Wessman, A.E. and D.F. Ricks.: 1966, Mood and Personality (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York).
West, S.G. and J.T. Hepworth.: 1991, Statistical issues in the study of temporal data: Daily experiences. Journal of Personality 59, pp. 609–662.
Wheeler, L. and H.T. Reis.: 1991, Self-recordings of everyday life events: Origins, types, and uses. Journal of Personality 59, pp. 339–354.
Wilson, K.C.M., R. Hopkins, M.W. deVries and J.R.M. Copeland.: 1992, ‘Research alliance and the limit of compliance: Experience sampling with the depressed elderly’, in M.W. deVries (ed.), The Experience of Psychopathology: Investigating Mental Disorders in their Natural Settings (Cambridge University Press, New York).
Winkielman, P., B. Knäuper and N. Schwarz.: 1998, ‘Looking back at anger: Reference periods change the interpretation of (emotion) frequency questions’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, pp. 719–728.
Wirtz, D., J. Kruger, C.N. Scollon and E. Diener.: 2002, ‘What to do on Spring Break? The role of predicted, online, and remembered experience in future choice’ Psychological Science (in press).
Wong, M., and M. Csikszentmihalyi.: 1991, ‘Motivation and academic achievement: The effects of personality traits and the quality of experience’, Journal of Personality 59, pp. 539–574.
Zelenski, M. and R.J. Larsen.: 2000, ‘The distribution of basic emotions in everyday life: A state and trait perspective from experience sampling data’, Journal of Research in Personality 34, pp. 178–197.
Zirkel, S. and N. Cantor.: 1990, ‘Personal construal of life tasks: Those who struggle for independence’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, pp. 172–185.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Scollon, C.N., Kim-Prieto, C. & Diener, E. Experience Sampling: Promises and Pitfalls, Strengths and Weaknesses. Journal of Happiness Studies 4, 5–34 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023605205115
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023605205115