Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Etiologic Studies of Adolescent Drug Use: A Compendium of Data Resources and Their Implications for Prevention

  • Published:
Journal of Primary Prevention Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Etiological studies canvassing five major domains of risk are reviewed. The five domains reflect unique facets of risk that are central to many current prevention approaches and include: peer social influences, family (parenting) processes, expectancies (cognitive motivations), social skills and personal self-management strategies, and personality factors. Each domain is discussed with regard to major theoretical issues, important studies that help to clarify risk mechanisms, and major findings. A sixth area covering studies of multi-ethnic youth and ethnic-specific risk mechanisms also is reviewed in the context of augmenting previous empirical findings. A final section addresses two important concerns: (1) the need for a comprehensive model of developmental vulnerability; and (2) utilization of information stemming from a long tradition of developmental etiology to enhance the efficacy of drug abuse prevention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Aloise-Young, P. A., Graham, J. W., & Hansen, W. B. (1994). Peer influence on smoking initiation during early adolescence:Acomparison of group members and group outsiders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 281–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ary, D. V., Tildesley, E., Hops, H., & Andres, J. (1993). The influence of parent, sibling, and peer modeling and attitudes on adolescent use of alcohol. The International Journal of the Addictions, 28, 853–880.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, S. L., & Hubbard, R. L. (1991). Developmental changes in peer factors and the influence on marijuana initiation among secondary school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 339–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self-efficacy. Advances in Behavioral Research and Therapy, 1, 237–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnea, Z., Teichman, M., & Rahav, G. (1992). Personality, cognitive, and interpersonal factors in adolescent substance use: A longitudinal test of an integrative model. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 187–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G. M. (1990). Impact of the family on adolescent drinking patterns. In R. L. Collins, K. E. Leonard, & J. S. Searles (Eds.), Alcohol and the family: Research and clinical perspectives (pp. 137–161). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G., M.& Farrell, M. P. (1992). Parental support and control as predictors of adolescent drinking, delinquency, and related problem behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 763–776.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G. M., Farrell, M. P., & Banerjee, S. (1994). Family influences on alcohol abuse and other problem behaviors among black and white adolescents in a general population sample. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 183–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G. M., Reifman, A. S., Farrell, M. P., & Dintcheff, B. A. (2000). The effects of parenting on the development of adolescent alcohol misuse: A six-wave latent growth model. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 175–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, M., E., & Pandina, R. J. (1989). Individual differences in the stability of personality needs: Relations to stress and substance use during adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 1151–1157.

  • Bauman, K. E., & Fisher, L. A. (1986). On the measurement of friend behavior in research on friend influence and selection: Findings from longitudinal studies of adolescent smoking and drinking. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 15, 345–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, K. E., Fisher, L. A., Bryan, E. S., & Chenoweth, R. L. (1984). Antecedents, subjective expected utility, and behavior: A study of adolescent cigarette smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 9, 121–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biddle, B. J., Bank, B. J., & Marlin, M. M. (1980a). Parental and peer influence on adolescents. Social Forces, 58, 1057–1079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddle, B. J., Bank, B. J., & Marlin, M. M. (1980b). Social determinants of adolescent drinking: What they think, what they do and what I think and do. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 41, 215–240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botvin, G. J. (1997). Substance abuse prevention through life skills training. In R. Peters and R. J. McMahon (Eds.), Preventing child hood disorders, substance abuse, and delinquency (pp. 215–239). Bariff International Behavioral Science Series. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botvin, G. J. (1995). Principles of prevention. In R. H. Coombs & D. M. Ziedonis (Eds.), Handbook on drug abuse prevention: A comprehensive strategy to prevent the abuse of alcohol and other drugs (pp. 19–44). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botvin, G. J., Baker, E., Dusenbury, L., Botvin, E., & Diaz, T. (1995). Long-term follow-up of a randomized drug abuse prevention trial in a white middle-class population. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1106–1112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botvin, G. J., Dusenbury, L., Baker, E., James-Ortiz, S., & Botvin, E. M.,& Kerner, J. (1992). Smoking prevention among urban minority youth: Assessing effects on outcome and mediating variables. Health Psychology, 11, 290–299.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botvin, G. J., Schinke, S. P., Epstein, J. A., Diaz, T., & Botvin, E. M. (1995). Effectiveness of culturally focused and generic skills training approaches to alcohol and drug abuse prevention among minority adolescents: Two-year follow-up results. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 9, 183–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., & Brook, J. E. (1988).Adevelopmental approach examining social and personal correlates in relation to alcohol use over time. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 149, 93–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Gordon, A. S., & Whiteman, M. (1985). Stability of personality during adolescence and its relationship to stage of drug use. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 111, 319–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Finch, S. J., Morojele, N. K., & Cohen, P. (2000). Individual latent growth curves in the development of marijuana use from childhood to young adulthood. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 451–464.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook J. S., Whiteman, M., & Gordon, A. S. (1982). Qualitative and quantitative aspects of adolescent drug use: Interplay of personality, family, and peer correlates. Psychological Reports, 51, 1151–1163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Gordon, A. S., & Cohen, P. (1986). Dynamics of childhood and adolescent personality traits and adolescent drug use. Developmental Psychology, 22, 403–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Nomura, C., Gordon, A. S., & Cohen, P. (1988). Personality, family, and ecological influences on adolescent drug use: A developmental analysis. In R. H. Coombs (Ed.), The family context of adolescent drug use (pp. 123–161). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., Klebanov, K., & Sealand, N. (1993). Do neighborhoods influence child and adolescent development? American Journal of Sociology, 99, 353–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunswick, A. F. (1988). Drug use and affective distress: A longitudinal study of urban black youth. Advances in Adolescent Mental Health, 3, 101–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Newcomb, M. D., & Abbott, R. D. (1996). Modeling the etiology of adolescent substance use: A test of the social development model. Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 429–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chassin, L., Barrera, M., Bech, K., & Kossak-Fuller, J. (1992). Recruiting a community sample of adolescent children of alcoholics: A comparison of three subject sources. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 316–320.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chassin, L., Curran, P. J., Hussong, A. M., & Colder, C. R. (1996). The relation of parent alcoholism to adolescent substance use: A longitudinal follow-up study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 70–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chassin, L., Rogosch, R., & Barrera, M. (1991). Substance use and Symptomalogy among adolescent children of alcoholics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 449–463.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L-S., Anthony, J. C., & Crum, R. M. (1999). Perceived cognitive competence, depressive symptoms and the incidence of alcohol-related problems in urban school children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 8, 37–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M-S., Grube, S. W., & Madden, P. A. (1994). Alcohol expectancies and adolescent drinking: Differental prediction of frequency, quantity, and intoxication, Addictive Behaviors, 19, 521–529.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clasen, D. R.,& Brown, B. B. (1985). The multidimensionality of peer pressure in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 451–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colder, C. R., Chassin, L., Stice, E. M., & Curran, P. J. (1997). Alcohol expectancies as potential mediators of parent alcoholism effects on the development of adolescent heavy drinking. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 7, 349–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curran, P. J., Stice, E., & Chassin, L. (1997). The relation between adolescent alcohol use and peer alcohol use: A longitudinal random coefficients model.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 130–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health and Human Services (1990). Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives: Full Report (DHHS Pub. No. PHS 91-50212). Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dermen, K. H., Cooper, M. L.,& Agocha, V. B. (1998). Sex-related alcohol expectancies as moderators of the relationship between alcohol use and risky sex in adolescents.Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 71–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., & Loeber, R. (1985). Adolescent marijuana and alcohol use: The role of parents and peers revisited. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 11, 11–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donohue, B., Van Hasselt, V. B., Hersen, M., & Perrin, S. (1999). Substance refusal skills in a population of adolescents diagnosed with conduct disorder and substance abuse. Addictive Behaviors, 24, 37–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, J. E.,& Jessor,R. (1985). Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 890–904.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, S. C., Alpert, A., Duncan, T. E., & Hops, H. (1997). Adolescent alcohol use development and young adult outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 49, 39–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, T. E., Tildesley, E., Duncan, S. C., & Hops, H. (1995). The consistency of family and peer influences on the development of substance use in adolescence. Addiction, 90, 1647–1660.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durant, R. H., Cadenhead, C., Pendergrast, R. A., Slavens, G., & Linder, C. W. (1994). Factors associated with the use of violence among urban Black adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 612–617.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dusenbury, L., & Botvin, G. J. (1992). Substance abuse prevention: Competence enhancement and the development of positive life options. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 11, 29–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellickson, P. L., Bell, R. M., & Harrison, E. R. (1993). Changing adolescent propensities to use drugs: Results from Project ALERT. Health Education Quarterly, 20, 227–242.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ennett, S. T., & Bauman, K. E. (1996). Adolescent social networks: School, demographic, and longitudinal considerations. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11, 194–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ennett, S. T., & Bauman, K. E. (1994). The contribution of influence and selection to adolescent peer group homogeneity: The case of adolescent cigarette smoking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 653–663.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ennett, S. T., & Bauman, K. E. (1993). Peer group structure and adolescent cigarette smoking: A social network analysis. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34, 226–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., & Koch, G. G. (1994).Variability in cigarette smoking within and between adolescent friendship cliques. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 295–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ennett, S. T., Flewelling, R. L., Lindrooth, R. C., & Norton, E. C. (1997). School and neighborhood characteristics associated with school rates of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 55–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, A. D. (1993). Risk factors for drug use in urban adolescents: A three-wave longitudinal study. The Journal of Drug Issues, 23, 443–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, A. D. (1994). Structural equation modeling with longitudinal data: strategies for examining group differences and reciprocal relationships. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 477–487.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, A. D., Danish, S. J., & Howard, C.W. (1992a). Risk factors for drug use in urban adolescents: Identification and cross-validation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 263–286.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, A. D., Danish, S. J., & Howard, C. W. (1992b). Relationship between drug use and other problem behaviors in urban adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 705–712.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, A. D., & White, K. S. (1998). Peer influences and drug use among urban adolescents: Family structure and parent—adolescent relationship as protective factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 248–258.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, M. P., Barnes, G. M., & Banerjee, S. (1995). Family cohesion as a buffer against the effects of problem-drinking fathers on psychological distress, deviant behavior, and heavy drinking in adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 377–385.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flay, B. R., & Petraitis, J. (1994). The theory of triadic influence: A new theory of health behaviour with implications for preventive interactions. Advances in Medical Sociology, Vol. 4 (pp. 19–44). Greenwich, CT: JAI press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromme, K., D'Amico, E. J., & Katz, E. C. (1999). Intoxicated sexual risk taking: An expectancy or cognitive impairment explanation? Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 54–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fromme, K., Katz, E., & D'Amico, E. J. (1997). Effects of alcohol intoxication on the perceived consequences of risk taking. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 14–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, T. J. (1984). Adolescent drug use and the family environment: A review. Journal of Drug Issues, 2 (Spring), 271–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, D. C., McNeil, R. J., & Gottfredson, G. D. (1991). Social area influences on delinquency: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 28, 197–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, D. C., & Koper, C. S. (1996). Race and sex differences in the prediction of drug use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 305–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. W., Marks, G. S., & Hansen, W. B. (1991). Social influence processes affecting adolescent substance use. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 291–298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grube, J.W. & Agostinelli, G. E. (1999). Perceived consequences and adolescent drinking: Nonlinear and interactive models of alcohol expectancies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 303–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grube, J. W., Chen, M-J., Madden, P., & Morgan, M. (1995). Predicting adolescent drinking from alcohol expectancy values: A comparison of additive, interactive, and nonlinear models. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 839–857.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, W. B., & Graham, J. W. (1991). Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolescents: Peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms. Preventive Medicine, 20, 414–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, W. B., Graham, J. W., Sobel, J. L., Shelton, D. R., Flay, B. R., & Johnson, C. A. (1987). The consistency of peer and parent influences on tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among young adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 559–579.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. Catalano, R., Gillmore, M. R., & Wells, E. A. (1989). Skills training for drug abusers: Generalization, maintenance, and effects on drug use.Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 57, 559–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. Catalano, R., & Miller, J. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. D., & Weis, J. G. (1985). The social development model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6, 73–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huba, G. J., & Bentler, P. M. (1982). A developmental theory of drug use: Derivation and assessment of a causal modeling approach. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr (Eds.), Life span development and behavior (Vol. 4; pp. 147–203). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huba, G. J., Wingard, J. A., & Bentler, P.M. (1979). Beginning adolescent drug use and peer and adult interaction patterns.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 265–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huba, G. J., Wingard, J. A., & Bentler, P. M. (1980). Longitudinal analysis of the role of peer support, adult models, and peer subcultures in beginning adolescent substance use: An application of setwise canonical correlation methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 15, 259–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, R., Van Den Bos, J., Vanderryn, J., Costa, F. M., & Turbin, M. S. (1995). Protective factors in adolescent problem behavior: Moderator effects and developmental change. Developmental Psychology, 31, 923–933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, R., Donovan, J. E. & Costa, F. M., (1991). Beyond adolescence: Problem behavior and young adult development. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, R., Turbin, M. S., & Costa, F. M., (1998). Protective factors in adolescent health behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 788–800.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, V., & Pandina, R. J. (1991). Effects of the family environment on adolescent substance use, delinquency, and coping styles. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 17, 71–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B. (1986). Processes of peer influences in adolescence. In R. K. Silbereisen, K. Eyferth, & G. Rudinger (Eds.), Development as action in context: Problem behavior and normal youth development (pp. 203–228) New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, D. B., & Andrews, K. (1987). Processes of adolescent socialization by parents and peers. International Journal of the Addictions, 22, 319–342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., & Lin, C-H. (2000). Deviant identity as a moderator of the relation between negative self-feelings and deviant behavior. Journal of Early Adolescence, 20, 150–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B. (1980). Deviant behavior in defense of self. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., Johnson, R. J., & Bailey, C. A. (1988). Explaning adolescent drug use: An elaboration strategy for structural equation modeling. Psychiatry, 51, 142–163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., M artin, S. S., & Robbins, C. (1984). Pathways to adolescent drug use: Self-derogation, peer influence, weakening of social controls, and early substance use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25, 270–289.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. B., Martin, S. S., & Robbins, C. (1982). Application of a general theory of deviant behavior: Self-derogation and adolescent drug use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 274–294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S., McLeod, J. H., Williams, C., & Hepler, N. (2000). Prevention validation and accounting platform: A framework for establishing accountability and performance measures of substance abuse prevention programs. Journal of Drug Education, 30, 1–143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krosnick, J. A., & Judd, C. M. (1982). Transitions in social influence at adolescence: Who induces cigarette smoking? Developmental Psychology, 18, 359–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labouvie, E. W. (1990). Personality and alcohol and marijuana use: Patterns of convergence in young adulthood. The International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 247–252.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labouvie, E.W. (1986). The coping function of adolescent alcohol and drug use. In R. K. Silbereisen, K. Eyferth, & G. Rudinger (Eds.) Development is action in context, (pp. 229–240). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labouvie, E.W. (1987). Relation of personality to adolescent alcohol and drug use: A coping perspective. Pediatrician, 14, 19–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labouvie, E.W.,& McGee, C. R. (1986). Relation of personality to alcohol and drug use in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 289–293.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labouvie, E. W., Pandina, R. J., & Johnson, V. (1991). Developmental trajectories of substance use in adolescence: Differences and predictors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 14, 305–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labouvie, E. W., Pandina, R. J., White, H. R., & Johnson, V. (1990). Risk factors of adolescence drug use: An affect-based interpretation. Journal of Substance Abuse, 2, 265–285.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, B. C., & Stacy, A.W. (1993). Alcohol outcomes expectancies: Scale construction and Predictive utility in higher order confirmatory models. Psychological Assessment, 5, 216–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, B. C., & Stacy, A. W. (1991). On the scope of alcohol expectancy research: Remaining issues of measurement and meaning. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 147–154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, G., Graham, J.W., & Hansen, W. B. (1992). Social projection and social conformity in adolescent alcohol use: A longitudinal analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 96–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, R. O., & Dukes, R. L. (1997). The effects of ethnic identity, ethnicity, and gender on adolescent well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 503–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maton, K. I., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1992). Psychosocial predictors of substance use among urban black male adolescents. Drugs and Society, 6, 79–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGee, L.,& Newcomb, M. D. (1992). General deviance syndrome: Expanded hierarchical evaluations at four ages from early adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 766–776.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moskowitz, J. M., Schaps, E., Schaeffer, G. A.,& Malvin, J. H. (1984). Evaluation of a substance abuse prevention program for junior high school students. The International Journal of the Addictions, 19, 419–430.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray D. M. (1998). Design and analysis of group-randomized trials. New York, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1995. Drug use among racial/ethnic minorities. Department of Health and Human Services Publication No. 95-3888. Rockville, MD: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needle, R. H., Su, S., & Doherty, W. J. (1990). Divorce, remarriage, and adolescent substance use: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 157–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1988a). Consequences of teenage drug use: Impact on the lives of young adults. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1988b). Impact of adolescent drug use and social support on problems of young adults: A longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 64–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, M. D., Chou, C-P., Bentler, P. M., & Huba, G. J. (1988). Cognitive motivations for drug use among adolescents: Longitudinal tests of gender differences and predictors of change in drug use. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 426–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oetting E. R., & Beauvais, F., (1987). Peer cluster theory, socialization characteristics, and adolescent drug use: A path analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 205–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Office of National Drug Control Policy (1997). The National Drug Control Strategy, 1997.Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President. Document NCJ163915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandina, R. J., & Johnson, V. (1989). Familial drinking history as a predictor of alcohol and drug consumption among adolescent children. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50, 245–253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandina, R. J., & Johnson, V. (1990). Serious alcohol and drug problems among adolescents with a family history of alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 51, 278–282.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paschall, M. J., & Hubbard, M. L. (1998). Effects of neighborhood and family stressors on African American male adolescents' self-worth and propensity for violent behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 825–831.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1984). The correlation of family management practices and delinquency. Child Development, 55, 1299–1307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pentz, M. A., Dwyer, J. H., MacKinnon, D. P., Flay, B. R., Hansen, W. B., Wang, E. Y., & Johnson, C. A. (1989). A multicommunity trial for primary prevention of adolescent drug abuse: Effects on drug use prevalence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 3259–3267.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pentz, M. A. (1985). Social competence and self-efficacy as determinants of substance use in adolescence. In T. A. Wills & S. Shiffman (Eds.), Coping and substance use (pp. 117–142). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petraitis, J., Flay, B. R., & Miller, T. Q. (1995). Reviewing theories of adolescent substance abuse: Organizing pieces of the puzzle, Psychological Bulletin, 117, 67–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, D. C., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Flannery, D. J. (1994). No more than skin deep: ethnic and racial similarity in developmental processes. Psychological Review, 101, 396–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaps, E., Moskowitz, J. M., Malvin, J. H., & Schaeffer, G. A. (1986). Evaluation of seven schoolbased prevention programs: A final report on the Napa Project. The International Journal of the Addictions, 21, 1081–1112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, L. M., & Botvin, G. J. (1998). Relations of social skills, personal competence, and adolescent alcohol use: A developmental exploratory study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 18, 77–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, L. M., & Botvin, G. J. (1997). Expectancies as mediators of the effects of social influences and alcohol knowledge on adolescent alcohol use: A prospective analysis. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 11, 48–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, L. M., & Botvin, G. J. (1995). Effects of early adolescent drug use on cognitive efficacy in early-late adolescence: A developmental structural model. Journal of Substance Abuse, 7, 379–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G. J., & Baker, E. (1997). Risk and protective factors as predictors of adolescent alcohol involvement and transitions in alcohol use: A prospective analysis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 652–667.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K.W., & Diaz, T. (2000). Dynamic growth models of self-esteem and adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 20, 178–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., & Diaz, T. (1999). Latent growth models of drug refusal skills and adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 44, 21–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G. J., Diaz, T., & Griffin, K. W. (1999). Social skills, competence, and drug refusal efficacy as predictors of adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Drug Education, 29, 251–278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schinke, S. P., Gilchrist, L. D., & Snow, W. H. (1985). Skills intervention to prevent cigarette smoking among adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 75, 665–667.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulenberg, J., Wadsworth, J. N., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (1996). Adolescent risk factors for binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood: Variable-and pattern-centered approaches to change. Developmental Psychology, 32, 659–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shope, J. T., Copeland, L. A., Kamp, M. E., & Lang, S. W. (1998). Twelfth grade follow-up of th effectiveness of a middle school-based substance abuse prevention program. Journal of Drug Education, 28, 185–197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shope, J. T., Copeland, L. A., Marcoux, B. C., & Kamp, M. E. (1996). Effectiveness of a school-based substance abuse prevention program. Journal of Drug Education, 26, 323–337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shope, J. T., Copeland, L. A., Maharg, R., Dielman, T. E., & Butchart, A. T. (1993). Assessment of adolescent refusal skills in an alcohol misuse prevention study. Health Education Quarterly, 20, 373–390.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shope, J. T., Dielman, T. E., B utchart, A. T., Campanelli, P. C., & Kloska, D. D. (1992). An elementary school-based alcohol misuse prevention program: A follow-up evaluation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 106–121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, O., Hedeker, D., Flay, B. R., & Hu, F. B (1996). Intraclass correlation estimation in a schoolbased smoking prevention study: Outcome and mediating variables, by sex and ethnicity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144, 425–433.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. M. (1986). Adolescent personality traits that predict young adult drug use. Comprehensive Therapy, 12, 44–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. M., & Fogg, C. P. (1979). Psychological antecedents of teen-age drug use. Research in Community and Mental Health, 1, 87–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. M., & Fogg, C. P. (1978). Psychological predictors of early use, late use, and nonuse of marihuana among teenage students. In D. B. Kandel (Ed.), Longitudinal research on drug use: Empirical findings and methodological issues (pp. 101–113). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. T., & Goldman, M. S. (1995). Alcohol expectancy theory and the identification of highrisk adolescents. In G. M. Boyd, J. Howard, & R. A. Zucker (Eds.), Alcohol problems among adolescents: Current directions in prevention research (pp. 85–104. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. T., Goldman, M. S., Greenbaum, P. E., & Christiansen, B. A. (1995). Expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: The divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 32–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, M. B., Cole, S. P., DuPree, D., Glymph, A., & Pierre, P. (1993). Self-efficacy among urban African American early adolescents: Exploring issues of risk, vulnerability, and resilience. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 719–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A. W. (1997). Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 61–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A. W., Galaif, E. R., Sussman, S., & Dent, C. W. (1996). Self-generated drug outcomes in high-risk adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 10, 18–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A.W., Leigh, B. C., & Weingardt, K. R. (1994). Memory accessibility and association of alcohol use and its positive outcomes. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 269–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A.W., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P.M. (1991a). Cognitive motivations and drug use: A 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Behavior, 100, 502–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A.W., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P.M. (1991b). Social psychological influences on sensation seeking from adolescence to adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 701–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A.W., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P.M. (1993). Cognitive motivations and sensation seeking as long-term predictors of drinking problems, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A.W., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P.M. (1995). Expectancy in mediational models of cocaine use. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 655–667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A. W., Sussman, S., Dent, C. W., Burton, D., & Flay, B. R. (1992). Moderator of peer social influence in adolescent smoking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 163–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacy, A. W., Widaman, K. F., & Marlatt, G. A. (1990). Expectancy models of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 918–928.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1987a). Personality and drug use: Reciprocal effect across four years. Personality of Individual Differences, 8, 419–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P.M. (1987b). An 8-year study of multiple influences on drug use and drug use consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1094–1105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L., Mounts, N. S., Lamborn, S. D., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 19–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., & Barrera, M. (1995). A longitudinal examination of the reciprocal relations between perceived parenting and adolescents' substance use and externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 31, 322–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stice, E., Berrera, M., & Chassin, L. (1993). Relation of parental support and control to adolescents' externalizing symptomatology and substance use: A longitudinal examination of curvilinear effects. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 609–629.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teichman, M., Barnea, Z., & Ravav, G. (1989a). Personality and substance use among adolescents: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Addiction, 84, 181–190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teichman, M., Barnea, Z., & Rahav, G. (1989b). Sensation seeking, state and trait anxiety, and depressive mood in adolescent substance users. The International Journal of the Addictions, 24, 87–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, G., Farrell,M.P., & Barnes, G.M. (1996). The effects of single-mother families and nonresident fathers on relinquency and substance abuse in black and white adolescents. Journal of Marriage and the family, 58, 889–894.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics (1996). Dropout rates in the United States: 1994, NCES 96–863. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.

  • Vega, W. A., Apospori, E., Gil., A. G., Zimmerman, R. S., & Warheit, G. J. (1996). A replication and elaboration of the esteem-enhancement model. Psychiatry, 59, 128–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, W. A., & Gil, A. G. (1998). Drug use and ethnicity in early adolescence. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega, W. A., Gill, A. G., & Wagner, E. (1998). Cultural adjustment and hispanic adolescent drug use. In W. A. Vega & A. G. Gill (Eds.), Drug use and ethnicity in early adolescence (pp. 125–148). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (1997). Toward understanding individual effects in multicomponent prevention programs: Design and analysis strategies. In K. J. Bryant, M.Windle,& S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 167–210). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1994). Self-esteem and perceived control in adolescent substance use: Comparative tests in concurrent and prospective analyses. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 8, 223–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1986). Stress and coping in early adolescence: Relationships to substance use in urban school samples. Health Psychology, 5, 503–529.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A., & Cleary, S. D. (1999). Peer and adolescent substance use among 6th–9th graders: Latent growth analyses of influence versus selection mechanisms. Health Psychology, 18, 453–463.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A., Vaccaro, D., & McNamara, G. (1994). Novelty seeking, risk taking, and related constructs as predictors of adolescent substance use: An application of Cloninger's theory. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 1–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Windle, M. (1996). Effect of parental drinking on adolescents. Alcohol Health and Research World, 20, 181–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wingard, J. A., Huba, G. J., & Bentler, P. M. (1980). A Longitudonal analysis of personality structure and adolescent substance use. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 259–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M., A., Ramierz-Valles, J., Zapert, K. M., & Maton, K. I. (2000). A longitudinal study of stress-buffering effects for urban African-American male adolescent problem behaviors and mental health. Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 17–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health, Institute for Prevention Research, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, USA

    Lawrence M. Scheier

Authors
  1. Lawrence M. Scheier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Scheier, L.M. Etiologic Studies of Adolescent Drug Use: A Compendium of Data Resources and Their Implications for Prevention. The Journal of Primary Prevention 22, 125–168 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012610002391

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012610002391

Search

Navigation