Skip to main content
Log in

Treatment Outcome Research: How Effective Are Treatments for Abused Children?

  • Published:
Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effectiveness of treatments with abused children is supported by only a limited number of studies. Yet despite the lack of an empirical base, many interventions remain popular in clinical practice. This paper introduces social work clinicians to the primary issues involved in the evaluation of psychotherapy with children and adolescents in general, and applies these issues to an understanding of interventions with abused children. Toward this end, current findings on child abuse treatments are synthesized and critically analyzed. This paper speaks to the continuing gap between empirically-based outcome research and clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aragona, J.A. &Eyeberg, S.M. (1981). Neglected children: Mother's report of child behavior problems and observed verbal behavior. Child Development, 52, 596–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azar, S.T. &Siegel, B. (1990). Behavioral treatment of child abuse: A developmental perspective. Behavior Modification, 14, 279–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azar, S.T. &Wolfe, D.A. (1989). Child abuse and neglect. In E.J. Mash &R.A. Barkely (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (pp. 451–493). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, C.R. (1987). A comparison of individual and group therapy as treatment of sexually abused adolescent females. Dissertation Abstract International, 47(10-B), 4319–4320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, J.V.,Alpert, J.L.,BigFoot, D.S.,Bonner, B.L.,Geddie, L.F.,Henggeler, S.W.,Kaufman, K.L. &Walker, C.E. (1995). Empirical research on child abuse treatment: Report by the Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment Working Group, American Psychological Association. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24 (Suppl.), 23–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 413–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergin, A.E. &Garfield, S.L. (Eds.) (1994). Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berliner, L. (1997). Intervention with children who experience trauma. In D. Cicchetti &S.L. Toth (Eds.), Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research and intervention. Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 8. (pp. 491–514). University of Rochester Press.

  • Berliner, L. &Conte, J.R. (1995). The effects of disclosure and intervention on sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(3), 371–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berliner, L. &Saunders, B.E. (1996). Treating fear and anxiety in sexually abused children: Results of a controlled 2-year follow-up study. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 294–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beutler, L.E.,Williams, R.E. &Zetzer, H.A. (1994). Efficacy of treatment for victims of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 4(2), 156–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brassard, M.R.,Hart, S.N. & Hardy, D. (1993). The psychological maltreatment rating scales. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 715–729.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J. (1996). Treatment outcome research with abused children: Methodological considerations in three studies. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 348–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunk, M.,Henggeler, S.W. &Whelan, J.P. (1987). Comparison of Multi-systemic Therapy and Parent Training in the brief treatment of child abuse and neglect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(2), 171–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, M.M. (1988). Short-term group therapy for sexually abused girls: A learning theory based treatment for negative affect. Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casey, R.J. &Berman, J.S. (1985). The outcome of psychotherapy with children. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 388–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Celano, M.,Hazzard, A.,Webb, C. &McCall, C. (1996). Treatment of traumagenic beliefs among sexually abused girls and their mothers: An evaluation study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(1), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D. &Toth, S.L. (1995). A developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 541–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, G.N. (1995). Improving the transition from basic efficacy research to effectiveness studies: Methodological issues and procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(5), 718–725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claussen, A.H. &Crittenden, P.M. (1991). Physical and psychological maltreatment: Relations among types of maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 5–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clendennon-Wallen, J. (1991). The use of music therapy to influence the self-confidence and self-esteem of adolescents who are sexually abused. Music Therapy Perspective, 9, 73–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J.A. &Mannarino, A.P. (1993). A treatment model for sexually abused preschoolers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8(1), 115–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J.A. &Mannarino, A.P. (1996a). A treatment outcome study for sexually abused preschool children: Initial findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 42–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J.A. &Mannarino, A.P. (1996b). Factors that mediate treatment outcome of sexually abused preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(10), 1402–1410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J.A. &Mannarino, A.P. (1998). Interventions for sexually abused children: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 3(1), 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, A.H. &Daro, D. (1987). Is treatment too late: What ten years of evaluative research tell us. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 433–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conte, J.R. &Schuerman, J.R. (1987). The effects of sexual abuse on children: A multidimensional view. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 380–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E.J.,Burns, B.J.,Angold, A., &Leaf, P.J. (1993). How can epidemiology improve mental health services for children and adolescents? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1106–1113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crittenden, P.M. (1981). Abusing, neglecting, problematic, and adequate dyads: Differentiating by patterns of interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 27, 201–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culp, R.E.,Heide, J. &Richardson, M.T. (1987). Maltreated children's developmental scores: Treatment versus nontreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culp, R.E.,Little, V.,Letts, D. &Lawrence, H. (1991). Maltreated children's self-concept: Effects of a comprehensive treatment program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 114–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culp, R.E.,Richardson, M.T. &Heide, J. (1987). Differential developmental progress of maltreated children in day treatment. Social Work, 32, 497–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daro, D. (1988). Confronting child abuse: Research for effective program design. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deblinger, E. (1994). Update on treatment outcome studies. Presented at the American Psychological Association convention, Los Angeles.

  • Deblinger, E. &Heflin, A.H. (1996). Treating sexually abused children and their nonoffending parents: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deblinger, E.,Lippmann, J. &Steer, R. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 310–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deblinger, E.,McLeer, S.V. &Henry, D. (1990). Cognitive behavioral treatment for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress: Preliminary findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 747–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deblinger, E.,Steer, R.A. &Lippman, J. (1999). Two-year follow-up study of cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(12), 1371–1378.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLuca, R.,Hazen, A., &Cutler, J. (1993). Evaluation of a group counseling program for preadolescent female victims of incest. Elementary School Guidance Counseling, 28, 104–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • DePanfilis, D. (1996). Social isolation of neglectful families: A review of social support assessment and intervention methods. Child Maltreatment, 1(1), 37–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, J.,Jenkins, S.J. &Fisher, G.L. (1988). A comparison of psychodynamic and reinforcement treatment with sexually abused children. Elementary School Guidance Counseling, 22, 291–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan, K.J. (1983). Stress management and child management with abusive parents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12(3), 292–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elks, M.A. &Kirkhart, K.E. (1993). Social Work, 38(5), 554–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmer, E. (1986). Outcome of residential treatment for abused and high-risk infants. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 351–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eltz, M.J.,Shirk, S.R. &Sarlin, N. (1995). Alliance formation and treatment outcome among maltreated adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 419–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Everson, M.D.,Hunter, W.M.,Runyan, D.K.,Edelsohn, G.A. &Coulter, M.L. (1989). Maternal support following disclosure of incest. American Journal of Orthopyschiatry, 59, 197–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyseneck, H.J. (1952). The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 16, 319–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantuzzo, J.W.,Jurecic, L.,Stovall, A.,Hightower, A.D.,Goins, C. &Schachtel, D. (1988). Effects of adult and peer social initiations on the social behavior of withdrawn, maltreated preschool children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 34–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fantuzzo, J.W.,Sutton-Smith, B.,Atkins, M.,Meyers, R.,Stevenson, H.,Coolahan, K.,Weiss, A. &Manz, P. (1996). Community-based resilient peer treatment of withdrawn maltreated preschool children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1377–1386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. &Berliner, L. (1995). Research on the treatment of sexually abused children: A review and recommendations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(11), 1408–1423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, W.N. (1996). Clinical considerations of empirical treatment studies of abused children. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 343–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, W.N.,Luecke, W.J.,Beilke, R.L. &Place, V. (1992). Psychotherapy outcome of sexually abused boys. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7(3), 396–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabel, S.,Finn, M. &Ahmad, A. (1988). Day treatment outcome with severely disturbed children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 479–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabel, S.,Swanson, A.J. &Shindledecker, R. (1990). Aggressive children in a day treatment program: Changed outcome and possible explanations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 515–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaudin, J.M. (1993). Effective intervention with neglectful families. Criminal Justice Behavior, 20(1), 66–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomes-Schwartz, B.,Horowitz, J.M.,Cardarelli, A.P. &Sauzier, M. (1990). The aftermath of child sexual abuse: 18 months later. In B. Gomes-Schwartz,J.M. Horowitz &A.P. Cardares (Eds.), Child sexual abuse: The initial effects (pp. 132–152), Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, G.S.,Taub, E.P. &Jones, D.P. (1992). Testifying in court. Monographs of Social Research and Child Development, 57, 229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, A.M. &Mills, J.R. (1992). Treatment for abused children: When is a partial solution acceptable? Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 217–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hack, T.F.,Osachuk, T.A. &DeLuca, R.V. (1994). Group treatment of sexaully abused preadolescent boys. Families in Society, 75, 217–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, D.J. &Warner, J.E. (1994). Treatment adherence of maltreating families: A survey of professionals regarding prevalence and enhancement strategies. Journal of Family Violence, 9, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S.N. &Brassard, M.R. (1991). Psychological maltreatment: Progress achieved. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 61–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S.N.,Brassard, M.R. &Karlson, H.C. (1996). Psychological maltreatment. In J. Briere,L. Berliner,J.A. Bulkley,C. Jenny &T. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 72–89). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heflin, A.H. &Deblinger, E. (1996). Treatment of an adolescent survivor of child sexual abuse. In M.A. Reinecke,F.M. Dattilio &A. Freeman (Eds.), Cognitive therapy with children and adolescents (pp. 199–226). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S.W.,Schoenwald, S.K. &Pickrel, S.G. (1995). Multisystemic therapy: Bridging the gap between university-and community-based treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 709–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoagwood, K.,Hibbs, E.,Brent, D. &Jensen, P. ( 1995). Introduction to the special section: Efficacy and effectiveness studies of child and adolescent psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 683–687.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman-Plotkin, D. &Twentyman, C.T. (1984). A multimodal assessment of behavioral and cognitive deficits in abused and neglected preschoolers. Child Development, 55, 794–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howing, PT.,Wodarski, J.S.,Gaudin, J.M. &Kurtz, P.D. (1989). Effective interventions to ameliorate the incidence of child maltreatment: The empirical base. Social Work, 34, 330–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, C.,Bentovim, A. &Monck, E. (1995). Some clinical and methodological implications of a treatment outcome study of sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1387–1399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. (1987). The untreatable family. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 409–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A.E. (1991). Effectiveness of psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59 (6), 785–798.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A.E. (1997). A model for developing effective treatments: Progression and interplay of theory, research, and practice. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26 (2), 114–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A.E.,Bass, D.,Ayers, W.A. &Rogers, A. (1990). Empirical and clinical focus of child and adolescent psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 729–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall-Tackett, Williams & Finkelhor (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113 (1), 164–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitchur, M. &Bell, R. (1989). Group psychotherapy with preadolescent sexual abuse victims: Literature review and description of an inner-city group. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 39(3), 285–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knutson, J.F. (1995). Psychological characteristics of maltreated children: Putative risk factors and consequences. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 401–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolko, D.J. (1996a). Individual cognitive behavioral treatment and family therapy for physically abused children and their offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 322–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolko, D.J. (1996b). Clinical monitoring of treatment course in child physical abuse: Psychometric characteristics and treatment comparisons. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20 (1), 23–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolko, D.J. (1998). Treatment and intervention for child victims of violence. In P.K. Trickett &C.J. Schellenbach (Eds.), Violence against children in the family and the community (pp. 213–249). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanktree, C.B. &Briere, J. (1995). Outcome of therapy for sexually abused children: A repeated measures study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1145–1154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larzelere, R.E.,Collins, L.E. &Collins, R.A. (1993). During-and post-treatment effects of group therapy for sexual victimization. Presented at the Conference on Responding to Child Maltreatment, San Diego.

  • Levitt, E.E. (1957). The results of psychotherapy with children: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 189–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, H.B.,Markovic, J.,Chaudhry, U.,Ahart, S. &Torres, H. (1995). Reabuse rates in a sample of children followed for 5 years after discharge from a child abuse inpatient assessment program. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(11), 1363–1377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutzker, J.R. (1990). Behavioral treatment of child neglect. Behavior Modification, 14, 301–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutzker, J.R. &Rice, J.M. (1984). Project 12-ways: Measuring outcome of a large inhome service for treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 8, 519–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutzker, J.R. &Rice, J.M. (1987). Using recidivism data to evaluate Project 12-Ways: An ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Journal of Family Violence, 2, 283–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey, B.,Gold, M. &Gold, E. (1987). A pilot study in drama therapy with adolescent girls who have been sexually abused. Arts Psychotherapy, 14, 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manly, J.T.,Cicchetti, D. &Barnett, D. (1994). The impact of subtype, frequency, chronicity, and severity of child maltreatment on social competence and behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 121–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannarino, A.P. &Cohen, J.A. (1996). A follow-up study of factors that mediate the development of psychological symptomatology in sexually abused girls. Child Maltreatment, 1(3), 246–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mash, E.J. &Wolfe, D.A. (1991). Methodological issues in research on physical child abuse. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 18(1), 8–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGain, B. &McKinzey, R.K. (1995). The efficacy of group treatment in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(9), 1157–1169.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Mental Health (1998). Bridging science and service. A report by the National Advisory Mental Health Council's Clinical Treatment and Services Research Workgroup. Washington, DC: NIMH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelki, J.S. &Watters, J. (1989). A group for sexually abused young children: Unravelling the web. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 369–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oates, R.K. &Bross, D.C. (1995). What have we learned about treating child physical abuse? A literature review of the last decade. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19 (4), 463–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oates, R.K.,Gray, J.Schweitzer, L.,Kempe, R.S. &Harmon, R.J. (1995). A therapeutic preschool for abused children: The KEEPSAFE Project. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1379–1386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oates, R.K.,O'Toole, B.I.,Lynch, D.L.,Stern, A. &Cooney, G. (1994). Stability and change in outcomes for sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 945–953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parish, R.A.,Myers, P.A.,Brandner, A. &Templin, K.H. (1985). Developmental milestones in abused children, and their improvement with a family-oriented approach to the treatment of child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 245–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G.R. (1986). Performance models for antisocial boys. American Psychologist, 41, 432–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez, C.L. (1988). A comparison of group play therapy and individual therapy for sexually abused children. Dissertation Abstract International, 48, 3079ff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reams, R. &Friedrich, W. (1994). The efficacy of time-limited play therapy with maltreated preschoolers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50 (6), 889–899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeker, J.,Ensing, D. &Elliott, R. (1997). A meta-analytic investigation of group treatSIGRID ment outcomes for sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21 (7), 669–680.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust, J.O. &Troupe, P.A. (1991). Relationships of treatment of child sexual abuse with school achievement and self-concept. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 420–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sack, W.H.,Mason, R. &Collins, R. (1987). A long-term follow-up study of a children's psychiatric day treatment center. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 18, 58–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankey, C.G.,Elmer, E.,Halechko, A.D. &Schulberg, P. (1985). The development of abused and high-risk infants in different treatment modalities: Residential versus in-home care. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 237–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stauffer, L.B. &Deblinger, E. (1996). Cognitive behavioral groups for nonoffending mothers and their young sexually abused children: A preliminary treatment outcome study. Child Maltreatment, 1 (1), 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, P.M.,Scanlan, J.M.,Brookhouser, P.E. &Schulte, L.E. (1992). The effects of psychotherapy on behavior problems of sexually abused deaf children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 297–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmons-Mitchell, J. (1986). Containing aggressive acting out in abused children. Child Welfare, 65, 459–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trickett, P.K. &McBride-Chang, C. (1995). The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Review, 15, 311–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verduyn, C. &Calam, R. (1999). Cognitive behavioral interventions with maltreated children and adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(2), 197–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verleur, D.,Hughes, R.E. &Dobkin de Rios, M. (1986). Enhancement of self-esteem among female adolescent incest victims: A controlled comparison. Adolescence, 21, 1843–1854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B.,Catron, T.,Harris, V. &Phung, T.M. (1999). The effectiveness of traditional child psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 82–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J.R.,Donenberg, G.R.,Han, S.S. &Weiss, B. (1995). Bridging the gap between lab and clinic in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(5), 688–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J.R. &Weiss, B. (1989). Assessing the effects of clinic-based psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 741–746.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J.R.,Weiss, B.,Alicke, M.D. &Klotz, M.L. (1987). Effectiveness of psychotherapy with children and adolescents: A meta-analysis for clinicians. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 542–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J.R.,Weiss, B.,Han, S.,Granger, D.A. &Morton, T. (1995). Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents revisited: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 450–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wekerle, C. &Wolfe, D.A. (1993). Prevention of child physical abuse and neglect: Promising new directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 501–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteman, M.,Fanshel, D. &Grundy, J.F. (1987). Cognitive-behavioral interventions aimed at anger of parents at risk of child abuse. Social Work, 32 (6), 469–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiese, D. &Daro, D. (1995). Current trend in child abuse reporting fatalities: The results of the 1994 annual fifty-state survey. Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, D.A.,Sandler, J. &Kaufman, K. (1981). A competency-based parent training program for child abusers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(5), 633–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, D.A. &Wekerle, C. (1993). Treatment strategies for child physical abuse and neglect: A critical progress report. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 473–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuravin, S.J. (1991). Research definitions of child abuse and neglect. In R.H. Starr, Jr. &D.A. Wolfe (Eds.), The effects of child abuse and neglect (pp. 100–128). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

James, S., Mennen, F. Treatment Outcome Research: How Effective Are Treatments for Abused Children?. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 18, 73–95 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007694627866

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007694627866

Navigation