Abstract
The effectiveness of treatments with abused children is supported by only a limited number of studies. Yet despite the lack of an empirical base, many interventions remain popular in clinical practice. This paper introduces social work clinicians to the primary issues involved in the evaluation of psychotherapy with children and adolescents in general, and applies these issues to an understanding of interventions with abused children. Toward this end, current findings on child abuse treatments are synthesized and critically analyzed. This paper speaks to the continuing gap between empirically-based outcome research and clinical practice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aragona, J.A. &Eyeberg, S.M. (1981). Neglected children: Mother's report of child behavior problems and observed verbal behavior. Child Development, 52, 596–602.
Azar, S.T. &Siegel, B. (1990). Behavioral treatment of child abuse: A developmental perspective. Behavior Modification, 14, 279–300.
Azar, S.T. &Wolfe, D.A. (1989). Child abuse and neglect. In E.J. Mash &R.A. Barkely (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (pp. 451–493). New York: Guilford Press.
Baker, C.R. (1987). A comparison of individual and group therapy as treatment of sexually abused adolescent females. Dissertation Abstract International, 47(10-B), 4319–4320.
Becker, J.V.,Alpert, J.L.,BigFoot, D.S.,Bonner, B.L.,Geddie, L.F.,Henggeler, S.W.,Kaufman, K.L. &Walker, C.E. (1995). Empirical research on child abuse treatment: Report by the Child Abuse and Neglect Treatment Working Group, American Psychological Association. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24 (Suppl.), 23–46.
Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 413–434.
Bergin, A.E. &Garfield, S.L. (Eds.) (1994). Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Berliner, L. (1997). Intervention with children who experience trauma. In D. Cicchetti &S.L. Toth (Eds.), Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research and intervention. Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 8. (pp. 491–514). University of Rochester Press.
Berliner, L. &Conte, J.R. (1995). The effects of disclosure and intervention on sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(3), 371–384.
Berliner, L. &Saunders, B.E. (1996). Treating fear and anxiety in sexually abused children: Results of a controlled 2-year follow-up study. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 294–309.
Beutler, L.E.,Williams, R.E. &Zetzer, H.A. (1994). Efficacy of treatment for victims of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 4(2), 156–175.
Brassard, M.R.,Hart, S.N. & Hardy, D. (1993). The psychological maltreatment rating scales. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 715–729.
Briere, J. (1996). Treatment outcome research with abused children: Methodological considerations in three studies. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 348–352.
Brunk, M.,Henggeler, S.W. &Whelan, J.P. (1987). Comparison of Multi-systemic Therapy and Parent Training in the brief treatment of child abuse and neglect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(2), 171–178.
Burke, M.M. (1988). Short-term group therapy for sexually abused girls: A learning theory based treatment for negative affect. Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.
Casey, R.J. &Berman, J.S. (1985). The outcome of psychotherapy with children. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 388–400.
Celano, M.,Hazzard, A.,Webb, C. &McCall, C. (1996). Treatment of traumagenic beliefs among sexually abused girls and their mothers: An evaluation study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(1), 1–17.
Cicchetti, D. &Toth, S.L. (1995). A developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 541–565.
Clarke, G.N. (1995). Improving the transition from basic efficacy research to effectiveness studies: Methodological issues and procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(5), 718–725.
Claussen, A.H. &Crittenden, P.M. (1991). Physical and psychological maltreatment: Relations among types of maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 5–18.
Clendennon-Wallen, J. (1991). The use of music therapy to influence the self-confidence and self-esteem of adolescents who are sexually abused. Music Therapy Perspective, 9, 73–91.
Cohen, J.A. &Mannarino, A.P. (1993). A treatment model for sexually abused preschoolers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8(1), 115–131.
Cohen, J.A. &Mannarino, A.P. (1996a). A treatment outcome study for sexually abused preschool children: Initial findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 42–50.
Cohen, J.A. &Mannarino, A.P. (1996b). Factors that mediate treatment outcome of sexually abused preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(10), 1402–1410.
Cohen, J.A. &Mannarino, A.P. (1998). Interventions for sexually abused children: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 3(1), 17–26.
Cohn, A.H. &Daro, D. (1987). Is treatment too late: What ten years of evaluative research tell us. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 433–442.
Conte, J.R. &Schuerman, J.R. (1987). The effects of sexual abuse on children: A multidimensional view. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 380–390.
Costello, E.J.,Burns, B.J.,Angold, A., &Leaf, P.J. (1993). How can epidemiology improve mental health services for children and adolescents? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1106–1113.
Crittenden, P.M. (1981). Abusing, neglecting, problematic, and adequate dyads: Differentiating by patterns of interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 27, 201–218.
Culp, R.E.,Heide, J. &Richardson, M.T. (1987). Maltreated children's developmental scores: Treatment versus nontreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 29–34.
Culp, R.E.,Little, V.,Letts, D. &Lawrence, H. (1991). Maltreated children's self-concept: Effects of a comprehensive treatment program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 114–121.
Culp, R.E.,Richardson, M.T. &Heide, J. (1987). Differential developmental progress of maltreated children in day treatment. Social Work, 32, 497–499.
Daro, D. (1988). Confronting child abuse: Research for effective program design. New York: Free Press.
Deblinger, E. (1994). Update on treatment outcome studies. Presented at the American Psychological Association convention, Los Angeles.
Deblinger, E. &Heflin, A.H. (1996). Treating sexually abused children and their nonoffending parents: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Deblinger, E.,Lippmann, J. &Steer, R. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 310–321.
Deblinger, E.,McLeer, S.V. &Henry, D. (1990). Cognitive behavioral treatment for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress: Preliminary findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 747–752.
Deblinger, E.,Steer, R.A. &Lippman, J. (1999). Two-year follow-up study of cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(12), 1371–1378.
DeLuca, R.,Hazen, A., &Cutler, J. (1993). Evaluation of a group counseling program for preadolescent female victims of incest. Elementary School Guidance Counseling, 28, 104–114.
DePanfilis, D. (1996). Social isolation of neglectful families: A review of social support assessment and intervention methods. Child Maltreatment, 1(1), 37–52.
Downing, J.,Jenkins, S.J. &Fisher, G.L. (1988). A comparison of psychodynamic and reinforcement treatment with sexually abused children. Elementary School Guidance Counseling, 22, 291–298.
Egan, K.J. (1983). Stress management and child management with abusive parents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12(3), 292–299.
Elks, M.A. &Kirkhart, K.E. (1993). Social Work, 38(5), 554–564.
Elmer, E. (1986). Outcome of residential treatment for abused and high-risk infants. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 351–360.
Eltz, M.J.,Shirk, S.R. &Sarlin, N. (1995). Alliance formation and treatment outcome among maltreated adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 419–431.
Everson, M.D.,Hunter, W.M.,Runyan, D.K.,Edelsohn, G.A. &Coulter, M.L. (1989). Maternal support following disclosure of incest. American Journal of Orthopyschiatry, 59, 197–207.
Eyseneck, H.J. (1952). The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 16, 319–324.
Fantuzzo, J.W.,Jurecic, L.,Stovall, A.,Hightower, A.D.,Goins, C. &Schachtel, D. (1988). Effects of adult and peer social initiations on the social behavior of withdrawn, maltreated preschool children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 34–39.
Fantuzzo, J.W.,Sutton-Smith, B.,Atkins, M.,Meyers, R.,Stevenson, H.,Coolahan, K.,Weiss, A. &Manz, P. (1996). Community-based resilient peer treatment of withdrawn maltreated preschool children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1377–1386.
Finkelhor, D. &Berliner, L. (1995). Research on the treatment of sexually abused children: A review and recommendations. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(11), 1408–1423.
Friedrich, W.N. (1996). Clinical considerations of empirical treatment studies of abused children. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 343–347.
Friedrich, W.N.,Luecke, W.J.,Beilke, R.L. &Place, V. (1992). Psychotherapy outcome of sexually abused boys. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7(3), 396–409.
Gabel, S.,Finn, M. &Ahmad, A. (1988). Day treatment outcome with severely disturbed children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 479–482.
Gabel, S.,Swanson, A.J. &Shindledecker, R. (1990). Aggressive children in a day treatment program: Changed outcome and possible explanations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 515–523.
Gaudin, J.M. (1993). Effective intervention with neglectful families. Criminal Justice Behavior, 20(1), 66–89.
Gomes-Schwartz, B.,Horowitz, J.M.,Cardarelli, A.P. &Sauzier, M. (1990). The aftermath of child sexual abuse: 18 months later. In B. Gomes-Schwartz,J.M. Horowitz &A.P. Cardares (Eds.), Child sexual abuse: The initial effects (pp. 132–152), Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Goodman, G.S.,Taub, E.P. &Jones, D.P. (1992). Testifying in court. Monographs of Social Research and Child Development, 57, 229.
Graziano, A.M. &Mills, J.R. (1992). Treatment for abused children: When is a partial solution acceptable? Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 217–228.
Hack, T.F.,Osachuk, T.A. &DeLuca, R.V. (1994). Group treatment of sexaully abused preadolescent boys. Families in Society, 75, 217–224.
Hansen, D.J. &Warner, J.E. (1994). Treatment adherence of maltreating families: A survey of professionals regarding prevalence and enhancement strategies. Journal of Family Violence, 9, 1–19.
Hart, S.N. &Brassard, M.R. (1991). Psychological maltreatment: Progress achieved. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 61–70.
Hart, S.N.,Brassard, M.R. &Karlson, H.C. (1996). Psychological maltreatment. In J. Briere,L. Berliner,J.A. Bulkley,C. Jenny &T. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 72–89). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Heflin, A.H. &Deblinger, E. (1996). Treatment of an adolescent survivor of child sexual abuse. In M.A. Reinecke,F.M. Dattilio &A. Freeman (Eds.), Cognitive therapy with children and adolescents (pp. 199–226). New York: The Guilford Press.
Henggeler, S.W.,Schoenwald, S.K. &Pickrel, S.G. (1995). Multisystemic therapy: Bridging the gap between university-and community-based treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 709–717.
Hoagwood, K.,Hibbs, E.,Brent, D. &Jensen, P. ( 1995). Introduction to the special section: Efficacy and effectiveness studies of child and adolescent psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 683–687.
Hoffman-Plotkin, D. &Twentyman, C.T. (1984). A multimodal assessment of behavioral and cognitive deficits in abused and neglected preschoolers. Child Development, 55, 794–802.
Howing, PT.,Wodarski, J.S.,Gaudin, J.M. &Kurtz, P.D. (1989). Effective interventions to ameliorate the incidence of child maltreatment: The empirical base. Social Work, 34, 330–338.
Hyde, C.,Bentovim, A. &Monck, E. (1995). Some clinical and methodological implications of a treatment outcome study of sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1387–1399.
Jones, D. (1987). The untreatable family. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 409–420.
Kazdin, A.E. (1991). Effectiveness of psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59 (6), 785–798.
Kazdin, A.E. (1997). A model for developing effective treatments: Progression and interplay of theory, research, and practice. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26 (2), 114–129.
Kazdin, A.E.,Bass, D.,Ayers, W.A. &Rogers, A. (1990). Empirical and clinical focus of child and adolescent psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 729–740.
Kendall-Tackett, Williams & Finkelhor (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113 (1), 164–180.
Kitchur, M. &Bell, R. (1989). Group psychotherapy with preadolescent sexual abuse victims: Literature review and description of an inner-city group. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 39(3), 285–310.
Knutson, J.F. (1995). Psychological characteristics of maltreated children: Putative risk factors and consequences. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 401–431.
Kolko, D.J. (1996a). Individual cognitive behavioral treatment and family therapy for physically abused children and their offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 322–342.
Kolko, D.J. (1996b). Clinical monitoring of treatment course in child physical abuse: Psychometric characteristics and treatment comparisons. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20 (1), 23–43.
Kolko, D.J. (1998). Treatment and intervention for child victims of violence. In P.K. Trickett &C.J. Schellenbach (Eds.), Violence against children in the family and the community (pp. 213–249). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lanktree, C.B. &Briere, J. (1995). Outcome of therapy for sexually abused children: A repeated measures study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1145–1154.
Larzelere, R.E.,Collins, L.E. &Collins, R.A. (1993). During-and post-treatment effects of group therapy for sexual victimization. Presented at the Conference on Responding to Child Maltreatment, San Diego.
Levitt, E.E. (1957). The results of psychotherapy with children: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 189–196.
Levy, H.B.,Markovic, J.,Chaudhry, U.,Ahart, S. &Torres, H. (1995). Reabuse rates in a sample of children followed for 5 years after discharge from a child abuse inpatient assessment program. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(11), 1363–1377.
Lutzker, J.R. (1990). Behavioral treatment of child neglect. Behavior Modification, 14, 301–315.
Lutzker, J.R. &Rice, J.M. (1984). Project 12-ways: Measuring outcome of a large inhome service for treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 8, 519–524.
Lutzker, J.R. &Rice, J.M. (1987). Using recidivism data to evaluate Project 12-Ways: An ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Journal of Family Violence, 2, 283–290.
Mackey, B.,Gold, M. &Gold, E. (1987). A pilot study in drama therapy with adolescent girls who have been sexually abused. Arts Psychotherapy, 14, 77–84.
Manly, J.T.,Cicchetti, D. &Barnett, D. (1994). The impact of subtype, frequency, chronicity, and severity of child maltreatment on social competence and behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 121–143.
Mannarino, A.P. &Cohen, J.A. (1996). A follow-up study of factors that mediate the development of psychological symptomatology in sexually abused girls. Child Maltreatment, 1(3), 246–260.
Mash, E.J. &Wolfe, D.A. (1991). Methodological issues in research on physical child abuse. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 18(1), 8–29.
McGain, B. &McKinzey, R.K. (1995). The efficacy of group treatment in sexually abused girls. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(9), 1157–1169.
National Institute of Mental Health (1998). Bridging science and service. A report by the National Advisory Mental Health Council's Clinical Treatment and Services Research Workgroup. Washington, DC: NIMH.
Nelki, J.S. &Watters, J. (1989). A group for sexually abused young children: Unravelling the web. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 369–377.
Oates, R.K. &Bross, D.C. (1995). What have we learned about treating child physical abuse? A literature review of the last decade. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19 (4), 463–473.
Oates, R.K.,Gray, J.Schweitzer, L.,Kempe, R.S. &Harmon, R.J. (1995). A therapeutic preschool for abused children: The KEEPSAFE Project. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1379–1386.
Oates, R.K.,O'Toole, B.I.,Lynch, D.L.,Stern, A. &Cooney, G. (1994). Stability and change in outcomes for sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 945–953.
Parish, R.A.,Myers, P.A.,Brandner, A. &Templin, K.H. (1985). Developmental milestones in abused children, and their improvement with a family-oriented approach to the treatment of child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 245–250.
Patterson, G.R. (1986). Performance models for antisocial boys. American Psychologist, 41, 432–444.
Perez, C.L. (1988). A comparison of group play therapy and individual therapy for sexually abused children. Dissertation Abstract International, 48, 3079ff.
Reams, R. &Friedrich, W. (1994). The efficacy of time-limited play therapy with maltreated preschoolers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50 (6), 889–899.
Reeker, J.,Ensing, D. &Elliott, R. (1997). A meta-analytic investigation of group treatSIGRID ment outcomes for sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21 (7), 669–680.
Rust, J.O. &Troupe, P.A. (1991). Relationships of treatment of child sexual abuse with school achievement and self-concept. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 420–429.
Sack, W.H.,Mason, R. &Collins, R. (1987). A long-term follow-up study of a children's psychiatric day treatment center. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 18, 58–68.
Sankey, C.G.,Elmer, E.,Halechko, A.D. &Schulberg, P. (1985). The development of abused and high-risk infants in different treatment modalities: Residential versus in-home care. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 237–243.
Stauffer, L.B. &Deblinger, E. (1996). Cognitive behavioral groups for nonoffending mothers and their young sexually abused children: A preliminary treatment outcome study. Child Maltreatment, 1 (1), 65–76.
Sullivan, P.M.,Scanlan, J.M.,Brookhouser, P.E. &Schulte, L.E. (1992). The effects of psychotherapy on behavior problems of sexually abused deaf children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 297–307.
Timmons-Mitchell, J. (1986). Containing aggressive acting out in abused children. Child Welfare, 65, 459–463.
Trickett, P.K. &McBride-Chang, C. (1995). The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Review, 15, 311–337.
Verduyn, C. &Calam, R. (1999). Cognitive behavioral interventions with maltreated children and adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(2), 197–207.
Verleur, D.,Hughes, R.E. &Dobkin de Rios, M. (1986). Enhancement of self-esteem among female adolescent incest victims: A controlled comparison. Adolescence, 21, 1843–1854.
Weiss, B.,Catron, T.,Harris, V. &Phung, T.M. (1999). The effectiveness of traditional child psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 82–94.
Weisz, J.R.,Donenberg, G.R.,Han, S.S. &Weiss, B. (1995). Bridging the gap between lab and clinic in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(5), 688–701.
Weisz, J.R. &Weiss, B. (1989). Assessing the effects of clinic-based psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 741–746.
Weisz, J.R.,Weiss, B.,Alicke, M.D. &Klotz, M.L. (1987). Effectiveness of psychotherapy with children and adolescents: A meta-analysis for clinicians. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 542–549.
Weisz, J.R.,Weiss, B.,Han, S.,Granger, D.A. &Morton, T. (1995). Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents revisited: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 450–468.
Wekerle, C. &Wolfe, D.A. (1993). Prevention of child physical abuse and neglect: Promising new directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 501–540.
Whiteman, M.,Fanshel, D. &Grundy, J.F. (1987). Cognitive-behavioral interventions aimed at anger of parents at risk of child abuse. Social Work, 32 (6), 469–473.
Wiese, D. &Daro, D. (1995). Current trend in child abuse reporting fatalities: The results of the 1994 annual fifty-state survey. Chicago: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse.
Wolfe, D.A.,Sandler, J. &Kaufman, K. (1981). A competency-based parent training program for child abusers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(5), 633–640.
Wolfe, D.A. &Wekerle, C. (1993). Treatment strategies for child physical abuse and neglect: A critical progress report. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 473–500.
Zuravin, S.J. (1991). Research definitions of child abuse and neglect. In R.H. Starr, Jr. &D.A. Wolfe (Eds.), The effects of child abuse and neglect (pp. 100–128). New York: Guilford.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
James, S., Mennen, F. Treatment Outcome Research: How Effective Are Treatments for Abused Children?. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 18, 73–95 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007694627866
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007694627866