Abstract
The present study deals with lay conceptions of well-being and its main determinants, and the rules used by everyday people to assess the well-being of others based on various pieces of information. The results showed that (a) most proposed definitions of well-being refer to the family, the physical body, and acceptance of oneself and one's situation; (b) the factors with the greatest impact on judgments of the well-being of others are health, harmony with spouse, harmony with children, self-acceptance, positive relations, purpose in life, and personal growth; (c) the above findings apply to respondents of all ages; and (d) the information integration rule for estimating the level of the well-being is essentially additive.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Anderson, N. H.: 1996, A functional Theory of Cognition (Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey).
Anderson, N. H.: 1997, 'Moral algebra of fairness and unfairness', European Review of Applied Psychology 47, pp. 5–12.
Andersson, L. and N. Stevens: 1993, 'Associations between early experiences with parents and well-being in old age', Journal of Gerontology 48, P109-P116.
Andrews, F. M., and S. B. Withey: 1976, Social Indicators of Well-being: American Perceptions of Quality of Life (Plenum, New York).
Ardelt, M.: 1997, 'Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age', Journal of Gerontology 52B, P15-P27.
Arroyo, C. G. and E. Zigler: 1995, 'Racial identity, academic achievement, and the psychosocial well-being of economically disadvantaged adolescents', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, pp. 903–914.
Brebner, J., J. Donaldson, N. Kirby and L. Ward: 1995, 'Relationships between happiness and personality', Personality and Individual Differences 19, pp. 251–258.
Broman, C. L., M. L. Riba and M. R. Trahan: 1996, 'Traumatic events and marital well-being', Journal of Marriage and the Family 58, pp. 908–916.
Chiasson, N., L. Dubé and J. P. Blondin: 1996, 'Happiness: A look into the folk psychology of four cultural groups', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27, pp. 673–691.
Coats, E. J., R. Janoff-Bulman and N. Alpert: 1996, 'Approach versus avoidance goals: Differences in self-evaluation and well-being', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22, pp. 1057–1067.
Cooper, H., L. Okamura and P. McNeil: 1995, 'Situation and personality correlates of psychological well-being: Social activity and personal control', Journal of Research in Personality 29, pp. 395–417.
Costa, P. T. and R. R. McCrae: 1984, 'Personality as a lifelong determinant of well-being', Emotion in Adult Development (Sage, Beverly Hills, California), pp. 141–156.
Dahourou, D., D. Koné and E. Mullet: 1995, 'Prediction of performance from motivation and ability information in Burkina Faso adolescents', Journal of Psychology 129, pp. 417–431.
Diener, E.: 1994, 'Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities', Social Indicators Research 31, pp. 103–157.
Diener, E.: 1995, 'A value based index for measuring national quality of life', Social Indicators Research 36, pp. 107–127.
Diener, E. and M. Diener: 1995, 'Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, pp. 653–663.
Diener, E., M. Diener and C. Diener: 1995, 'Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, pp. 851–864.
Diener, E., R. J. Emmons, R. J. Larsen and S. Griffin: 1985,'The satisfaction with life scale', Journal of Personality Assessment 49, pp. 71–75.
Diener, E. and F. Fujita: 1995, 'Resources, personal strivings, and subjective wellbeing: A nomothetic and idiographic approach', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, pp. 926–935.
Diener, E., B. Wolsic and F. Fujita: 1995, 'Physical attractiveness and subjective well-being', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, pp. 120–129.
Feist, G. J., T. E. Bodner, J. F. Jacobs, M. Miles and V. Tan: 1995, 'Integrating top-down and bottom-up structural modeling of subjective well-being: A longitudinal investigation', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, pp. 138–150.
Girard, M. and B. Mullet: 1997, 'Forgiveness and its determinants in adolescents, young, middle-aged, and older adults', Journal of Adult Development 4, pp. 209–220.
Headey, B., R. Veenhoven and A. Wearing: 1991, 'Top-down versus bottom-up theories of subjective well-being', Social Indicators Research 24, pp. 81–100.
Heidrich, S. M. and C. D. Ryff: 1995, 'Health, social comparisons, and psychological well-being: Their cross-time relationships', Journal of Adult Development 2, pp. 173–186.
Hraba, J., F. O. Lorenz, G. Lee and Z. Pechacova: 1996, 'Gender and well-being in the Czech republic', Sex Roles 34, pp. 517–533.
Inglehart, R.: 1990, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey).
Kurian, G. T.: 1979, The Book ofWorld Rankings (McMillan's Reference Books, London, England).
Lance, C. E., A. G. Mallard and A. C. Michalos: 1995, 'Test of the causal directions of global-life facet satisfaction relationships', Social Indicators Research 34, pp. 69–92.
Lee, G. R., K. Seccombe and C. L. Shehan: 1991, 'Marital status and personal happiness: An analysis of trend data', Journal of Marriage and the Family 53, pp. 839–844.
Lipkus, I. M., C. Dalbert and H. C. Siegler: 1995, 'The importance of distinguishing the belief in a just world for self versus for others: Implications for psychological well-being', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22, pp. 666–677.
Mallard, G. C., C. E. Lance and A. C. Michalos: 1997, 'Culture as a moderator of overall life satisfaction-life facet satisfaction relationships', Social Indicators Research 40, pp. 259–284.
Maton, K. I. and E. A. Wells: 1995, 'Religion as a community resource for wellbeing: Prevention, Healing, and empowerment pathways', Journal of Social Issues 51, pp. 177–193.
Michalos, A. C.: 1997, 'Migration and the quality of life: A review essay', Social Indicators Research 39, pp. 121–166.
Myers, D. G and E. Diener: 1995, 'Who is happy?', Psychological Science 6, pp. 10–19.
Neto, F.: 1994, 'Predictors of satisfaction with life among second generation migrants', Social Indicators Research 35, pp. 93–116.
Noor, N. M.: 1995, 'Job-role quality and women's psychosocial well-being:Locus of control and social support as moderators', Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 5, pp. 259–272.
Okun, M. A. and W. A. Stock: 1987, 'Correlates and components of subjective well-being among the elderly', Journal of Applied Gerontology 6, pp. 95–112.
Przygotski, N. and E. Mullet:1997, 'Moral judgment and aging', European Review of Applied Psychology 47, pp. 15–21.
Ransford, H. E. and B. J. Palisi: 1996, 'Aerobic exercise, subjective health and psychological well-being within age and gender subgroups', Social Science and Medicine 42, pp. 1555–1559.
Rector, N. A. and D. Roger: 1996, 'Cognitive style and well-being: A prospective examination', Personality and Individual Differences 21, pp. 663–674.
Requena, F.: 1995, 'Friendship and subjective well-being in Spain: A crossnational comparison with the United states', Social Indicators Research 36, pp. 271–288.
Riipinen, M.: 1997, 'The relationship between job involvement and well-being', Journal of Psychology 131, pp. 81–89.
Ryff, C. D.: 1989, 'Happiness is everything, or is it?: Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57, pp. 1069–1081.
Ryff, C. D., Y. H. Lee, M. J. Essex and P. S. Schmutte: 1994, 'My children and me: Mid-life evaluations of grown children and of self', Psychology and Aging 9, pp. 195–205.
Saris, W. and R. Veehoven (<nt>eds.</nt>): 1996, Life Satisfaction in Europe (Eöstvös, Eöstvös University Press).
Sharpe, M. J., P. P. Heppner and W. A. Dixon: 1995, 'Gender role conflict, instrumentality, expressiveness, and well-being in adult men', Sex Roles 33, pp. 1–18.
Singh, R., U. R. Sidana and S. K. Saluja: 1978, 'Integration theory applied to judgments of personal happiness by children', Journal of Social Psychology 105, pp. 27–31.
Singh, R., U. R. Sidana and P. Srivastava: 1978, 'Averaging processes in children's judgment of happiness', Journal of Social Psychology 104, pp. 123–132.
Smits, C. H. M., D. J. H. Deeg and R. J. Bosscher: 1995, 'Well-being and control in older persons: the prediction of well-being from control measures', International Journal of Adult and Human Development 40, pp. 237–251.
Sullivan, O.: 1996, 'The enjoyment of activities: Do couples affect each others' well-being', Social Indicators Research 38, pp. 81–102.
Veenhoven, R.: 1996, 'Developments in satisfaction-research', Social Indicators Research 37, pp. 1–46.
Veenhoven, R. and P. Ouweneel: 1995, 'Livability of the Welfare-State', Social Indicators Research 36, pp. 1–48.
Wayment, H. A. and L. A. Peplau: 1995, 'Social support and well-being among lesbian and heterosexual women: A structural modeling approach', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21, pp. 1189–1199.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sastre, M.T.M. Lay Conceptions of Well-Being and Rules Used in Well-Being Judgments Among Young, Middle-Aged, and Elderly Adults. Social Indicators Research 47, 203–231 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006989319411
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006989319411