Skip to main content
Log in

Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions: Results from a Decade of Research

  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ten years of research that has provided data regarding the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions is reviewed. A thorough review of the literature identified 52 studies published in the 10 years since an earlier review by Spector and Carey (Arch. Sex. Behav. 19(4): 389–408, 1990). Community samples indicate a current prevalence of 0%–3% for male orgasmic disorder, 0%–5% for erectile disorder, and 0%–3% for male hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Pooling current and 1-year figures provides community prevalence estimates of 7%–10% for female orgasmic disorder and 4%–5% for premature ejaculation. Stable community estimates of the current prevalence of other sexual dysfunctions remain unavailable. Prevalence estimates obtained from primary care and sexuality clinic samples are characteristically higher. Although a relatively large number of studies has been conducted since the earlier review, the lack of methodological rigor of many studies limits the confidence that can be placed in these findings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Aizenberg, D., Zemishlany, Z., Dorfman-Etrog, P., and Weizman, A. (1995). Sexual dysfunction in male schizophrenic patients. J. Clin. Psychiat. 56: 137-141.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed., Author, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amr, M. M., Halim, Z. S., and Moussa, S. S. (1997). Psychiatric disorders among Egyptian pesticide applicators and formulators. Environ. Res. 73: 193-199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H., Cardozo, L. D., Francis, R. M., Griffin, M., Hart, D. M., Stephens, E., and Sturdee, D.W. (1997). Urogenital aging and its effect on sexual health in older British women. Br. J. Obs. Gyn. 104: 87-91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhui, K., Herriot, P., Dein, S., and Watson, J. P. (1994). Asians presenting to a sex and marital therapy clinic. Int. J. Soc. Psychiat. 40: 194-204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulet, M. J., Oddens, B. J., Lehert, P., Vemer, H. M., and Visser,A. (1994). Climacteric and menopause in seven South-east Asian countries. Maturitas 19: 157-176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. R., and Rundell, J. B. (1993). A prospective study of psychiatric aspects of early HIV disease in women. Gen. Hosp. Psychiat. 15: 139-147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, G. R., and Rundell, J. R. (1990). Prospective study of psychiatric morbidity in HIV-seropositive women without AIDS. Gen. Hosp. Psychiat. 12: 30-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catalan, J., Klimes, I., Bond, A., Day, A., Garrod, A., and Rizza, C. (1992a). The psychosocial impact of HIV infection in men with haemophilia: Controlled investigation and factors associated with psychiatric morbidity. J. Psychosom. Res. 36: 409-416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catalan, J., Klimes, I., Day, A., Garrod, A., Bond, A., and Gallwey, J. (1992b). The psychosocial impact of HIV infection in gay men. A controlled investigation and factors associated with psychiatric morbidity. Br. J. Psychiat. 161: 774-778.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandraiah, S., Levenson, J. L., and Collins, J. B. (1991). Sexual dysfunction, social maladjustment, and psychiatric disorders in women seeking treatment in a premenstrual syndrome clinic. Int. J. Psychiat. Med. 21: 189-204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiechi, L. M., Granieri, M., Lobascio, A., Ferreri, R., and Loizzi, P. (1997). Sexuality in the climacterium. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. 24: 158-159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cogen, R., and Steinman, W. (1990). Sexual function and practice in elderly men of lower socioeconomic status. J. Fam. Pract. 31: 162-166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R. (1977). Administration, scoring, and procedures for the R (revised) version and other instruments of the psychopathology rating scale series. SCL-90, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R., and Meyer, J. (1979). A psychological profile of the sexual dysfunctions. Arch. Sex. Behav. 8: 201-223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diokno, A. C., Brown, M. B., and Herzog, A. R. (1990). Sexual function in the elderly. Arch. Intern. Med. 150: 197-200.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Rufaie, O. E. F., Bener, A., Abuzeid, M. S. O., and Ali, T. A. (1997). Sexual dysfunction among type II diabetic men: A controlled study. J. Psychosom. Res. 43: 605-612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, C., Foldenyi, M., and Angst, J. (1993). The Zurich Study: XXI. Sexual dysfunctions and disturbances in young adults. Data of a longitudinal epidemiological study. Eur. Arch. Psychiat. Clin. Neurosci. 243: 179-188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fass, R., Fullerton, S., Naliboff, B., Hirsh, T., and Mayer, E. A. (1998). Sexual dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and non-ulcer dyspepsia. Digestion 59: 79-85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, H. A., Goldstein, I., Hatzichristou, D. G., Krane, R. J., and McKinlay, J. B. (1994). Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J. Urol. 151: 54-61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fugl-Meyer, A. R., and Sjogren Fugl-Meyer, K. (1999). Sexual disabilities, problems, and satisfaction in 18-74 year old Swedes. Scand. J. Sexol. 3: 79-105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glatt, A. E., Zinner, S. H., and McCormack, W. M. (1990). The prevalence of dyspareunia. Obstet. Gynecol. 75: 433-436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goggin, K., Engelson, E. S., Rabkin, J. G., and Kotler, D. P. (1998). The relationship of mood, endocrine, and sexual disorders in human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIVC) women: An exploratory study. Psychosom. Med. 60: 11-16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D. P., and Hillier, A. (1979). Manual of the General Health Questionnaire, Egyptian Psychiatric Association, Cairo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldmeier, D., Keane, F. E., Carter, P., Hessman, A., Harris, J. R., and Renton, A. (1997). Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in heterosexual patients attending a central London genitourinary medicine clinic. Int. J. STD AIDS 8: 303-306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heisterberg, L. (1993). Factors influencing spontaneous abortion, dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, and pelvic pain. Obstet. Gynecol. 81: 594-597.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ismael, N. N. (1994). A study on the menopause in Malaysia. Maturitas 19: 205-209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, D. J., and Steege, J. F. (1996). The prevalence of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, and irritable bowel syndrome in primary care practices. Obstet. Gynecol. 87: 55-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jindal, U. N., and Dhall, G. I. (1990). Psychosexual problems of infertile women in India. Int. J. Fertil. 35: 222-225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonler, M., Moon, T., Brannan, W., Stone, N. N., Heisey, D., and Bruskewitz, R. C. (1995). The effect of age, ethnicity and geographical location on impotence and quality of life. Br. J. Urol. 75: 651-655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laumann, E. O., Paik, A., and Rosen, R. C. (1999). Sexual dysfunction in the United States. JAMA 281: 537-544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindal, E., and Stefansson, J. G. (1993). The lifetime prevalence of psychosexual dysfunction among 55 to 57-year-olds in Iceland. Soc. Psychiat. Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 28: 91-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannino, D. M., Klevens, R. M., and Flanders, W. D. (1994). Cigarette smoking: An independent risk factor for impotence? Am. J. Epidemiol. 140: 1003-1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, M., and Seifert, M. H. (1990). Men's expectations of physicians in sexual health concerns. J. Sex Marital Ther. 16: 79-88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F., Nostlinger, C., Exner, T. M., Ehrhardt, A. A., Gruen, R. S., Lorenz, G., Gorman, J. M., el-Sadr, W., and Sorrell, S. J. (1993). Sexual functioning in HIV+ and HIV-injected drug-using women. J. Sex Marital Ther. 19: 56-68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modebe, O. (1990). Erectile failure among medical clinic patients. Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci. 19: 259-264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, G. A., and Mayberry, J. F. (1993). Perceived sexual dysfunction amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Digestion 54: 256-260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nirenberg, T. D., Wincze, J. P., Bansal, S., Liepman, M. R., and et al. (1991). Volunteer bias in a study of male alcoholics' sexual behavior. Arch. Sex. Behav. 20: 371-379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pace, J., Brown, G. R., Rundell, J. R., and Paolucci, S. (1990). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a mandatory screening program for infection with human immunodeficiency virus: A pilot study. Mil. Med. 155: 76-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panser, L. A., Rhodes, T., Girman, C. J., Guess, H. A., Chute, C. G., Oesterling, J. E., Lieber, M. M., and Jacobsen, S. J. (1995). Sexual function of men ages 40 to 79 years: The Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status Among Men. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 43: 1107-1111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramoso-Jalbuena, J. (1994). Climacteric Filipino women: A preliminary survey in the Philippines. Maturitas 19: 183-190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, S., King, M., and Watson, J. (1997). Sexual dysfunction in primary medical care: Prevalence, characteristics and detection by the general practitioner. J. Pub. Health Med. 19: 387-391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Zocke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., and Goodwin, F. K. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 264: 2511-2518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rekers, H., Drogendijk, A. C., Valkenburg, H. A., and Riphagen, F. (1992). The menopause, urinary incontinence and other symptoms of the genito-urinary tract. Maturitas 15: 101-111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. F., Frank, E., Thase, M. E., Houck, P. R., Jennings, J. R., Howell, J. R., Lilienfeld, S. O., and Kupfer, D. J. (1988). Assessment of sexual function in depressed, impotent, and healthy men: Factor analysis of a brief sexual function questionnaire for men, Psychiat. Res., 24: 231-250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., and Croughan, J. (1981). The NIMH Diagnostic InterviewSchedule: Version III, Public Health Service (HSS).

  • Rosser, B. R., Metz, M. E., Bockting, W. O., and Buroker, T. (1997). Sexual difficulties, concerns, and satisfaction in homosexual men: An empirical study with implications for HIV prevention. J. Sex Marital Ther. 23: 61-73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust, J., and Golombok, S. (1986). The Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS), NFER/Nelson, Windsor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiavi, R. C., Mandeli, J., Schreiner-Engel, P., and Chambers, A. (1991). Aging, sleep disorders, and male sexual function. Biol. Psychiat. 30: 15-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiavi, R. C., Stimmel, B. B., Mandeli, J., and White, D. (1995). Chronic alcoholism and male sexual function. Am. J. Psychiat. 152: 1045-1051.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schover, L. R., Friedman, J. M., Weiler, S. J., Heiman, J. R., and LoPiccolo, J. (1982). Multiaxial problem-oriented system for sexual dysfunctions: An alternative to DSM-III. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 39: 614-619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahar, E., Lederer, J., and Herz, M. J. (1991). The use of a self-report questionnaire to assess the frequency of sexual dysfunction in family practice clinics. Fam. Pract. 8: 206-212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, C., Weiner, W. J., and Sanchez-Ramos, J. R. (1992). Autonomic dysfunction in men with Parkinson's disease. Eur. Neurol. 32: 134-140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solstad, K., and Hertoft, P. (1993). Frequency of sexual problems and sexual dysfunction in middle-aged Danish men. Arch. Sex. Behav. 22: 51-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spector, I. P., and Carey, M. P. (1990). Incidence and prevalence of the sexual dysfunctions: A critical review of the empirical literature. Arch. Sex. Behav. 19(4): 389-408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ventegodt, S. (1998). Sex and the quality of life in Denmark. Arch. Sex. Behav. 27: 295-307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verma, K. K., Khaitan, B. K., and Singh, O. P. (1998). The frequency of sexual dysfunctions in patients attending a sex therapy clinic in north India. Arch. Sex. Behav. 27: 309-314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasti, S., Robinson, S. C., Akhtar, Y., Khan, S., and Badaruddin, N. (1993). Characteristics of menopause in three socioeconomic urban groups in Karachi, Pakistan. Maturitas 16: 61-69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, A. M., Walters, M. D., Schover, L. R., and Mitchinson, A. (1995). Vaginal anatomy and sexual function. Obstet. Gynecol. 86: 946-949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, M., Macera, C. A., Davis, D. R., Hornung, C. A., Nankin, H. R., and Blair, S. N. (1994). Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol as important predictors of erectile dysfunction. Am. J. Epidemiol. 140: 930-937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinhardt, L. S., and Carey, M. P. (1996). Prevalence of erectile disorder among men with diabetes mellitus: Review of the empirical literature. J. Sex Res. 33: 205-214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whelan, E. A., Grajewski, B., Wild, D. K., Schnorr, T. M., and Alderfer, R. (1996). Evaluation of reproductive function among men occupationally exposed to a stilbene derivative: II. Perceived libido and potency. Am. J. Ind. Med. 29: 59-65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeiss, A. M., Davies, H. D., Wood, M., and Tinklenberg, J. R. (1990). The incidence and correlates of erectile problems in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Sex. Behav. 19: 325-331.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Simons, J.S., Carey, M.P. Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions: Results from a Decade of Research. Arch Sex Behav 30, 177–219 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002729318254

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002729318254

Navigation