Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T14:18:00.466Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

What We Can Learn From Hearing Parents of Deaf Children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2015

Mary Flaherty*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology and Social Science, Edith Cowan University, Australia
*
Correspondence: Dr Mary Flaherty, School of Psychology and Social Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Campus, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia. E-mail: doctormaryflaherty@gmail.com

Abstract

Hearing parents of deaf children face stresses and demands related to parenting a deaf child, including difficult choices about language, technologies, education and identity for their children (Marschark, 1997). To date, few researchers have discussed the unique challenges faced by this group. Through a series of semistructured, in-depth interviews with 18 parents, this study investigated the experiences of hearing parents of deaf children spanning various life stages. A phenomenological approach identified 5 themes most pertinent to understanding their experiences. Each theme offers insight, particularly for professionals, into the distinctive issues that might arise at the time of diagnosis of deafness and reveals the challenges hearing parents face when confronted with a barrage of decisions, including choice of oral or sign language, mainstream or special deaf education, and identity with the hearing or Deaf community. The central message from this work is to inform hearing parents of deaf children and professionals working with these parents of the likely challenges that they may face.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldrovandi, S. (2009). Memory and judgment bias in retrospective evaluations (Unpublished doctoral thesis). City University London, UK.Google Scholar
Anderson, I., Weichbold, V., D’Haese, P.S.C., Szuchnik, J., Quevedo, M.S., Martin, J., . . . Phillips, L. (2004). Cochlear implantation in children under the age of two—What do the outcomes show us? International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 68, 425431. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.11.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archbold, S., & O’Donoghue, G.M. (2007). Ensuring the long-term use of cochlear implants in children: The importance of engaging local resources and expertise. Ear and Hearing, 28, 3S6S. doi:10.1097/AUD.0b013e31803154f2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archbold, S., & Mayer, C. (2012). Deaf education: The impact of cochlear implantation? Deafness & Education International, 14, 215. doi:10.1179/1557069X12Y.0000000003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archbold, S., Sach, T., O’Neill, C., Lutman, M., & Gregory, S. (2008). Outcomes from cochlear implantation for child and family: Parental perspectives. Deafness & Education International, 10, 120142. doi:10.1179/146431508790559751CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Australian Government Department of Employment, Education and Training. (1991). Australia's language: The Australian language and literacy policy. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.Google Scholar
Balkany, T.J., Hodges, A.V., & Goodman, K.W. (1996). Ethics of cochlear implantation in young children. Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, 114, 748755. doi:10.1016/S0194-5998(96)70097-9Google ScholarPubMed
Bat-Chava, Y. (2000). Diversity of deaf identities. American Annals of the Deaf, 145, 420428. doi:10.1353/aad.2012.0176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, E. (1999). Plasticity, localization, and language development. In Broman, S.H. & Fletcher, J.M. (Eds.), The changing nervous system: Neurobehavioral consequences of early brain disorders (pp. 214253). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Itzhak, D., Most, T., & Weisel, A. (2005). Relationships among professionals’ knowledge, experience, and expectations regarding cochlear implants. American Annals of the Deaf, 150, 329342. doi:10.1353/aad.2005.0040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berney, L.R., & Blane, D.B. (1997). Collecting retrospective data: Accuracy of recall after 50 years judged against historical records. Social Science & Medicine, 45, 15191525. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00088-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blane, D.B. (1996). Collecting retrospective data: Development of a reliable method and a pilot study of its use. Social Science & Medicine, 42, 751757. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00340-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bortoli, A., & Bynes, L.J. (2002). Enhancing the role of parents of children who are deaf or hearing impaired in education program planning. Australian Journal of Education of the Deaf, 8, 511.Google Scholar
Brand, H.J., & Coetzer, M.A. (1994). Parental response to their child's hearing impairment. Psychological Reports, 75, 13631368. doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3.1363CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oaCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burger, T., Spahn, C., Richter, B., Eissele, S., Löhle, E., & Bengel, J. (2005). Parental distress: The initial phase of hearing aid and cochlear implant fitting. American Annals of the Deaf, 150, 510. doi:10.1353/aad.2005.0017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calderon, R. (2000). Parental involvement in deaf children's education programs as a predictor of child's language, early reading, and social-emotional development. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 5, 140155. doi:10.1093/deafed/5.2.140CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calderon, R., & Greenberg, M. (1993). Considerations in the adaptation of families with school-aged deaf children. In Marschark, M. & Clark, D. (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on deafness (Vol. 2, pp. 2747). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cornes, A.J., & Brown, P.M. (2012). Mental health of Australian deaf adolescents: An investigation using an Auslan version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Deafness & Education International, 14, 161175. doi:10.1179/1557069X12Y.0000000009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Danek, M. (1988). Deafness and family impact. In Power, P.W., Dell Orto, A.E., & Gibbons, M.B. (Eds.), Family interventions throughout chronic illness and disability (pp. 120135). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
DesGeorges, J. (2003). Family perceptions of early hearing, detection, and intervention systems: Listening to and learning from families. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 9, 8993. doi:10.1002/mrdd.10064CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ear, Nose and Throat Advisory Group. (2011). Clinical guidelines for paediatric cochlear implantation: Neurosciences and Senses Health Network. Perth: Government of Western Australia Department of Health.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, E., Angus, D., Durieux-Smith, A., Graham, I.D., & Coyle, D. (2008). Parents’ needs following identification of childhood hearing loss. American Journal of Audiology, 17, 3849. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2008/005)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzpatrick, E., Graham, I.D., Durieux-Smith, A., Angus, D., & Coyle, D. (2007). Parents’ perceptions on the impact of the early diagnosis of childhood hearing loss. International Journal of Audiology, 46, 97106. doi:10.1080/14992020600977770CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, J., & Liamputtong, P. (2009). ‘Walk a mile in my shoes’: Researching the lived experience of mothers of children with autism. Journal of Family Studies, 15, 309319. doi:10.5172/jfs.15.3.309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grbich, C. (2007). Qualitative data analysis: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Green, J., Willis, K., Hughes, E., Small, R., Welch, N., Gibbs, L., & Daly, J. (2007). Generating best evidence from qualitative research: The role of data analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31, 545550. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00141.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, M.T., & Kusche, C.A. (1989). Cognitive, personal, and social development of deaf children and adolescents. In Wang, M.C., Walberg, H.J., & Reynolds, M.C. (Eds.), The handbook of special education: Research and practice (Vol. 3, pp. 95129). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Hadjikakou, K., & Nikolaraizi, M. (2007). The impact of personal educational experiences and communication practices on the construction of deaf identity in Cyprus. American Annals of the Deaf, 152, 398414. doi:10.1353/aad.2008.0002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardonk, S., Desnerck, G., Loots, G., Van Hove, G., Van Kerschaver, E., Sigurjónsdóttir, H.B., . . . Louckx, F. (2011). Congenitally deaf children's care trajectories in the context of universal neonatal hearing screening: A qualitative study of the parental experiences. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 16, 305324. doi:10.1093/deafed/enq055CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henggeler, S.W., Watson, S.M., Whelan, J.P., & Malone, C.M. (1990). The adaptation of hearing parents of hearing-impaired youths. American Annals of the Deaf, 135, 211216. doi:10.1353/aad.2012.0516CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hintermair, M. (2006). Parental resources, parental stress, and socioemotional development of deaf and hard of hearing children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 11, 493513. doi:10.1093/deafed/enl005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, T.A. (1989). AUSLAN Dictionary: A dictionary of the sign language of the Australian deaf community. Petersham: Deafness Resources Australia.Google Scholar
Johnston, T.A. (2004). W(h)ither the Deaf community? Population, genetics, and the future of Australian Sign Language. American Annals of the Deaf, 148, 358375. doi:10.1353/aad.2004.0004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Josselson, R., & Lieblich, A. (2003). A framework for narrative research proposals in psychology. In Josselson, R., Lieblich, A., & McAdams, D.P. (Eds.), Up close and personal: The teaching and learning of narrative research (pp. 259274). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobosko, J., & Zalewska, M. (2011). Maternal identity of hearing mothers of deaf adolescents. Empirical studies—An interpersonal approach. The Volta Review, 111, 3959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lederberg, A.R. (1993). The impact of deafness on mother-child and peer relationships. In Marschark, M. & Clark, M.D. (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on deafness (pp. 93119). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lederberg, A.R., & Prezbindowski, A.K. (2000). Impact of child deafness on mother-toddler interaction: Strengths and weaknesses. In Spencer, P.E., Erting, C.J., & Marschark, M. (Eds.), The deaf child in the family and at school (pp. 7392). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Leigh, G. (2008). Changing parameters in deafness and deaf education: Greater opportunity but continuing diversity. In Marschark, M. & Hauser, P.C. (Eds.), Deaf cognition: Foundations and outcomes (pp. 2451). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368673.003.0002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liamputtong, P., & Ezzy, D. (2005). Qualitative research methods (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lucas, C., & Valli, C. (1992). Language contact in the American deaf community. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marschark, M. (1993). Psychological development of deaf children. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marschark, M. (1997). Raising and educating a deaf child. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marschark, M., Rhoten, C., & Fabich, M. (2007). Effects of cochlear implants on children's reading and academic achievement. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 12, 269282. doi:10.1093/deafed/enm013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marschark, M., & Spencer, P.E. (Eds.). (2010). The Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maxwell-McCaw, D.L., Leigh, I.W., & Marcus, A.L. (2000). Social identity in Deaf culture: A comparison of ideologies. Journal of the American Deafness and Rehabilitation Association, 33, 1428.Google Scholar
Mayer, C., & Leigh, G. (2010). The changing context for sign bilingual education programs: Issues in language and the development of literacy. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 13, 175186. doi:10.1080/13670050903474085CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mertens, D. M. (2009). Transformative research and evaluation. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R.E., & Karchmer, M.A. (2004). Chasing the mythical ten percent: Parental hearing status of deaf and hard of hearing students in the United States. Sign Language Studies, 4, 138163. doi:10.1353/sls.2004.0005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundkur, N. (2005). Neuroplasticity in children. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 72, 855857. doi:10.1007/BF02731115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, M. (2003). Narrative psychology. In Smith, J.A. (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (pp. 111131). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Musselman, C., & Kircaali-Iftar, G. (1996). The development of spoken language in deaf children: Explaining the unexplained variance. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 1, 108121. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.deafed.a014285CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, H.D., Bougatsos, C., & Nygren, P. (2008). Universal newborn hearing screening: Systematic review to update the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Pediatrics, 122, e266e276. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1422CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Donoghue, G.M. (1999). Hearing without ears: Do cochlear implants work in children? Yes, so long as they are given to the right children early enough [Editorial]. British Medical Journal, 318, 7273. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7176.72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padden, C.A. & Humphries, T.L. (2005). Inside Deaf culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palfrey, J.S., Walker, D.K., Butler, J.A., & Singer, J.D. (1989). Patterns of response in families of chronically disabled children: An assessment in five metropolitan school districts. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 94104. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01638.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pallier, C. (2007). Critical periods in language acquisition and language attrition. In Köpke, B., Schmit, M.S., Keijzer, M., & Dostert, S. (Eds.), Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 155168). Philadelphia, PA: Benjamins. doi:10.1075/sibil.33.11palCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pipp-Siegal, S., Sedey, A.L., & Yoshinaga-Itano, C. (2002). Predictors of parental stress in mothers of young children with hearing impairment. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 7, 117. doi:10.1093/deafed/7.1.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Punch, R., & Kidd, G. (2001). Emotional responses of parents of children with hearing impairment: A phenomenological study. Australian Journal of Education of the Deaf, 7, 3442.Google Scholar
Scheetz, N.A. (2003). Psychosocial aspects of deafness. Boston, MA: Pearson.Google Scholar
Schembri, A., & Johnston, T. (2013). Sociolinguistic variation and change in sign languages. In Bayley, R., Cameron, R., & Lucas, C. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of sociolinguistics (pp. 503524). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, D. (2013). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook (4th ed.). London, UK: Sage.Google Scholar
Simser, J.I. (1999). Parents: The essential partner in the habilitation of children with hearing impairment. Australian Journal of Education of the Deaf, 5, 5562.Google Scholar
Smith, J.A. (2003). Validity and qualitative psychology. In Smith, J.A. (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (pp. 232235). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Spahn, C., Richter, B., Burger, T., Löhle, E., & Wirsching, M. (2003). A comparison between parents of children with cochlear implants and parents of children with hearing aids regarding parental distress and treatment expectations. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 67, 947955. doi:10.1016/S0165-5876(03)00160-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spencer, P. (1998). Making every sign count: Lessons from deaf mothers. Perspectives in Education and Deafness, 17 (2), 24.Google Scholar
Spencer, P.E., & Marschark, M. (2003). Cochlear implants: Issues and implications. In Marschark, M. & Spencer, P.E. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education (pp. 434448). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stacey, P.C., Fortnum, H.M., Barton, G.R., & Summerfield, A.Q. (2006). Hearing-impaired children in the United Kingdom, I: Auditory performance, communication skills, educational achievements, quality of life, and cochlear implantation. Ear and Hearing, 27, 161186. doi:10.1097/01.aud.0000202353.37567.b4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starks, H., & Brown Trinidad, S. (2007). Choose your method: A comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 13721380. doi:10.1177/1049732307307031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokoe, W.C. Jr. (1960). Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American Deaf. Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8). Buffalo, NY: Department of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.Google Scholar
Svirsky, M.A., Robbins, A.M., Kirk, K.I., Pisoni, D.B., & Miyamoto, R.T. (2000). Language development in profoundly deaf children with cochlear implants. Psychological Science, 11, 153158. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00231CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talay-Ongan, A. (2000). Typical and atypical development in early childhood. NSW: Memo Press.Google Scholar
Vaccari, C., & Marschark, M. (1997). Communication between parents and deaf children: Implications for social-emotional development. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 793801. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01597.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, C., & Hasenstab, S. (1986). Self-concept of severely to profoundly hearing-impaired children. The Volta Review, 88 (6), 289295.Google Scholar
Watson, S.M., Henggeler, S.W., & Whelan, J.P. (1990). Family functioning and the social adaptation of hearing-impaired youths. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 143163. doi:10.1007/BF00910727CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisel, A., & Kamara, A. (2005). Attachment and individuation of deaf/hard-of-hearing and hearing young adults. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 10, 5162. doi:10.1093/deafed/eni003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodward, J.C. (1972). Implications for sociolinguistic research among the deaf. Sign Language Studies, 1 (1), 17. doi:10.1353/sls.1972.0004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshinaga-Itano, C. (2003). From screening to early identification and intervention: Discovering predictors to successful outcomes for children with significant hearing loss. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 8, 1130. doi:10.1093/deafed/8.1.11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A. (2010). The impact of early identification of deafness on hearing parents. In Marschark, M. & Spencer, P.E. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education (Vol. 2, pp. 241250). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Young, A., Jones, D., Starmer, C., & Sutherland, H. (2005). Issues and dilemmas in the production of standard information for the parents of young deaf children – Parents’ views. Deafness & Education International, 7, 6376. doi:10.1179/146431505790560400CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, A., & Tattersall, H. (2007). Universal newborn hearing screening and early identification of deafness: Parents’ responses to knowing early and their expectations of child communication development. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 12, 209220. doi:10.1093/deafed/enl033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yucel, E., Derim, D., & Celik, D. (2008). The needs of hearing impaired children's parents who attend to auditory verbal therapy-counseling program. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 72, 10971111. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.03.020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zalewska, M. (1998). Dziecko w autoportrecie? zamalowanq twarzq. Psychiczne mechanizmy zaburzen rozwoju tozsamosci dziecka gluchego i dziecka? opóznionym rozwojem mowy [Self-portrait of a child with the face painted over: Psychological mechanisms of identity development disorders of deaf children and children with language delay]. Warsaw, Poland: J. Santorski & CO Wydawnictwo.Google Scholar