Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T11:25:24.545Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Social Interaction Anxiety and the Discounting of Positive Interpersonal Events

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2010

Stephanos P. Vassilopoulos*
Affiliation:
University of Patras, Greece
Robin Banerjee
Affiliation:
University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
*
Reprint requests to Stephanos P. Vassilopoulos, Department of Primary Education, University of Patras, Patras 26 110, Greece. E-mail: stephanosv@upatras.gr

Abstract

Background: Recent research has indicated that individuals with social interaction anxiety make biased interpretations of positive social interactions, with greater general apprehension in response to such events and more negative predictions about the future. There has also been some preliminary evidence for a second facet of interpretation bias, namely a failure to accept others’ positive reactions at face value, but this has so far not been adequately studied. Method: The present study developed a new measure of this “discounting” dimension and utilized a nonclinical sample of undergraduate students to provide an initial analysis of the scale. Results: Results provide early support for the psychometric properties of our scale, and indicate that discounting mediates the relationship between social interaction anxiety and low positive affect, over and above the previously studied aspect of positive event interpretation bias. Conclusions: The implications for treatment interventions and further research are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alden, L. E. and Taylor, C. T. (2004). Interpersonal processes in social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 857882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alden, L. E., Taylor, C. T., Mellings, T. M. J. B. and Laposa, J. M. (2008). Social anxiety and the interpretation of positive social events. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 577590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amir, N., Beard, C. and Bower, E. (2005). Interpretation and social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 433443.Google Scholar
Amir, N., Foa, E. B. and Coles, M. E. (1998). Negative interpretation bias in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 945957.Google Scholar
Beard, C. and Amir, N. (2008). A multi-session interpretation modification program: changes in interpretation and social anxiety symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 11351141.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. and Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory Manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. and Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the BDI: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77100.Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M. and Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State worry questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 3337.Google Scholar
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F. and Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of DSM-VI anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 179192.Google Scholar
Brown, E. J. Turovsky, J., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R., Brown, T. A. and Barlow, D. H. (1997). Validation of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale across anxiety disorders. Psychological Assessment, 9, 2127.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. W., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., Kravetsky, L. B., Paulus, M. P., Hassard, S. T. and Reiss, J. P. (2009). Happy but not so approachable: the social judgments of individuals with generalized social phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 419424.Google Scholar
Clark, D. M. and Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Heimberg, R., Liebowitz, M., Hope, D. A. and Schneier, F. R., Social Phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Constans, J. I., Penn, D. L., Ihen, G. H. and Hope, D. A. (1999). Interpretive biases for ambiguous stimuli in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 643651.Google Scholar
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Franklin, M. E. and Foa, E. B. (2000). Anticipated reactions to social events: differences among individuals with generalized social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and nonanxious controls. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 731746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, C. and Mathews, A. (2000). Impaired positive inferential bias in social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 705712.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. (2004). The neglected relationship between social interaction anxiety and hedonic deficits: differentiation from depressive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 719730.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 348365.Google Scholar
Liakos, A. and Giannitsi, S. (1984). The validity of the revised Greek Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Encefalos, 21, 7176 (in Greek).Google Scholar
Lockwood, C. M. and MacKinnon, D. P. (1998). Bootstrapping the standard error of the mediated effect. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of SAS Users Group International (pp. 9971002). Cary, NC: SAS Institute.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis. New York: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Marsh, H. W. (1996). Positive and negative global self-esteem: a substantively meaningful distinction or artifactors? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 810819.Google Scholar
Mattick, R. P. and Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, T. J. Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L. and Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487495.Google Scholar
Moser, J. S., Hajcak, G., Huppert, J. D., Foa, E. B. and Simons, R. F. (2008). Interpretation bias in social anxiety as detected by event-related brain potentials. Emotion, 8, 693700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, R., Hirsch, C. R., Mathews, A., Smith, K. and Clark, D. M. (2007). Facilitating a benign interpretation bias in a high socially anxious population. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 15171529.Google Scholar
Mystakidou, K., Tsilika, E., Parpa, E., Smyrniotis, V., Galanos, A. and Vlachos, L. (2007). Beck Depression Inventory: exploring its psychometric properties in a palliative care population of advanced cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Care, 16, 244250.Google Scholar
Peterson, R. A. and Heilbronner, R. L. (1987). The anxiety sensitivity index: construct validity and factor analytic structure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1, 117121.Google Scholar
Preacher, K. J. and Hayes, A. E. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879891.Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M. and Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741756.Google Scholar
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M. and McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 18.Google Scholar
Schneier, F., Johnson, J. E., Hornig, C. D., Liebowitz, M. R. and Weissman, M. M. (1992). Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 282288.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R. and Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the Stait-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Stopa, L. and Clark, D. M. (2000). Social phobia and interpretation of social events. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 273283.Google Scholar
Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: an introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 99103.Google Scholar
Vassilopoulos, S. P. (2006). Interpretation and judgmental biases in socially anxious and nonanxious individuals. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 243254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vassilopoulos, S. P. (in press). Interpretation bias for facial expressions in high and low socially anxious individuals: effects of stimulus duration. The Hellenic Journal of Psychology.Google Scholar
Vassilopoulos, S. P. and Banerjee, R. (2008). Interpretations and judgments regarding positive and negative social scenarios in childhood social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 870876.Google Scholar
Vassilopoulos, S. P., and Banerjee, R. and Prantzalou, C. (2009). Experimental modification of interpretation bias in socially anxious children: changes in interpretation, anticipated interpersonal anxiety, and social anxiety symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 10851089.Google Scholar
Veljaca, K. A. and Rapee, R. M. (1998). Detection of negative and positive audience behaviours by socially anxious subjects. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 311321.Google Scholar
Voncken, M. J., Bögels, S. M. and Peeters, F. (2007). Specificity of interpretation and judgemental biases in social phobia versus depression. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 80, 443453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voncken, M. J., Bögels, S. M. and de Vries, K. (2003). Interpretation and judgmental biases in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 14811488.Google Scholar
Wallace, S. T. and Alden, L. E. (1997). Social phobia and positive social events: the price of success. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 416424.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Strauss, M. and McCormick, R. (1995). Testing a tripartite model II: exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 1525.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G. and Rodebaugh, T. L. (2008a).The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 4455.Google Scholar
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L. and Norton, P. J. (2008b). Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 386400.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.