Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-27gpq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T07:35:22.043Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Collateral Source version of the Geriatric Depression Scale: evaluation of psychometric properties and discrepancy between collateral sources and patients with dementia in reporting depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2011

Yu-Ping Chang*
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Dorothy Farrar Edwards
Affiliation:
Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Helen W. Lach
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, Saint Louis University, Caroline, St. Louis, MO, USA
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Yu-Ping Chang, Wende Hall 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY14214, USA. Phone: +1 (716) 829-2015, Fax: +1 (716) 829-2021. Email: yc73@buffalo.edu.

Abstract

Background: Depression is under-diagnosed and under-treated in older adults. The purposes of this study were to (a) evaluate the psychometric properties of the Collateral Source Geriatric Depression Scale (CS-GDS), (b) compare collateral source scores on the CS-GDS with patient scores on the GDS, and (c) examine factors associated with any discrepancies between the CS-GDS and the GDS.

Methods: This secondary analysis used data from 132 older adults and their collateral sources attending a geriatric assessment program over a 15-month period. Scores on the 30-, 15-, and 5-item CS-GDS were compared to clinician diagnoses of depression using DSM-IV-TR criteria and patient GDS scores.

Results: The three forms of the CS-GDS had acceptable internal consistency, sensitivity and specificity with recommended cut-off scores of 18, 9 and 3, respectively. Collateral sources reported more depressive symptoms than patients did themselves. Simple regression analysis showed that caregiver burden significantly influenced the discrepancy between CS-GDS scores and GDS scores (β = 0.147; p = 0.004). Functional limitations and collateral relations to the patient were not associated with these discrepancies.

Conclusion: All three collateral versions had acceptable psychometric properties, which supports the use of the CS-GDS to assess depression in older adults. The CS-GDS provides an important alternative for depression screening with older adults who cannot complete screening tools themselves; however, alternative cut-off scores must be used for high sensitivity and specificity.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexopoulos, G. S., Abrams, R. C., Young, R. C. and Shamoian, C. A. (1988). Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Biological Psychiatry, 23, 271284. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(88)90038-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Bédard, M. et al. (2003). Validity of self-reports in dementia research: the Geriatric Depression Scale. Clinical Gerontologist, 26, 155163. doi:10.1300/J018v26n03_13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, L. et al. (1998). Clinicopathologic studies in cognitively healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: relation of histologic markers to dementia severity, age, sex, and APOE genotype. Archives of Neurology, 55, 326335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blazer, D. G. (2003). Depression in later life: review and commentary. Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58, 249265. doi:10.1093/gerona/58.3.M249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, E. L., Raue, P., Halpert, K. D., Adams, S. and Titler, M. G. (2009). Detection of depression in older adults with dementia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 35:(2), 1115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, W. J., Houston, M. J., Boust, S. J. and Roccaforte, W. H. (1989). Use of the Geriatric Depression Scale in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 856860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, W. J., Rangwani, S., Roccaforte, W. H., Wengel, S. P. and Conley, D. M. (1997). The reliability and validity of the collateral source version of the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale administered by telephone. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 288294.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, W. J., Roccaforte, W. H., Wengel, S. P., McArthur-Miller, D., Folks, D. G. and Potter, J. F. (1998). Disagreement in the reporting of depressive symptoms between patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and their collateral sources. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 308319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cacchione, P. Z., Powlishta, K. K., Grant, E. A., Buckles, V. D. and Morris, J. C. (2003). Accuracy of collateral source reports in very mild to mild dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 819823. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51263.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charney, D. S. et al. (2003). Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in later life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 664672. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feher, E. P., Larrabee, G. J. and Crook, T. H. (1992). Factors attenuating the validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale in a dementia population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 906909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, L. K. and Fillenbaum, G. G. (1985). OARS methodology: a decade of experience in geriatric assessment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 33, 607615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korner, A. et al. (2006). The Geriatric Depression Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia: a validity study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60, 360364. doi:10.1002/mds.22421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurlowicz, L. H. and Harvath, T. A. (2008). Depression. In Capezuti, E., Zwicker, D., Mezey, M., Fulmer, T., Gray-Micili, D. and Kluger, M. (eds.), Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice, 3rd edn (pp. 5782). New York City, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Kurlowicz, L. H., Evans, L. K., Strumpf, N. E. and Maislin, G. (2002). A psychometric evaluation of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia in a frail, nursing home population. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 600608. doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.10.5.600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lach, W. H., Chang, Y. P. and Edwards, D. F. (2010). Can older adults with dementia accurately report depression using brief forms? Reliability and validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 36, 3037. doi:10.3928/00989134-20100303-01.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebowitz, B. D. et al. (1997). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life: Consensus Statement update. JAMA, 278, 11861190. doi:10.1001/jama.278.14.1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Modrego, P. J. (2010). Depression in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 21, 10771087. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-100153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, J. C. (1993). The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology, 43, 24122414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller-Thomsen, T., Arlt, S., Mann, U., Mass, R. and Ganzer, S. (2005). Detecting depression in Alzheimer's disease: evaluation of four different scales. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 271276. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.03.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nitcher, R. L., Burke, W. J., Roccaforte, W. H. and Wingel, S. P. (1993). A collateral source version of the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 143152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Novak, M. and Guest, C. I. (1989). Application of a multidimensional caregiver burden inventory. The Gerontologist, 29, 798803. doi:10.1093/geront/29.6.798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Riordan, T. G., Hayes, J. P., O'Neill, D., Shelley, R., Walsh, J. B., and Coakley, D. (1990). The effect of mild to moderate dementia on the Geriatric Depression Scale: a preliminary report. Age and Ageing, 19, 5761. doi:10.1093/ageing/19.1.57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pignone, M. et al. (2002). Screening for depression in adults: A summary of the evidence for the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annuals of Internal Medicine, 136, 765776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snow, A. L. et al. (2005). Accuracy of self-reproted depression in persons with dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 389396. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53154.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steffens, D. C. et al. (2006). Perspectives on depression, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 130138. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, , et al. (2008). Point and 5-year period prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: The Cache County Study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 170177. doi:10.1002/gps.1858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teri, L. and Wagner, A. W. (1991). Assessment of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease: concordance among informants. Psychology and Aging, 6, 280285. doi:10.1037//0882-7974.6.2.280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teri, L. and Truax, P. (1994). Assessment of depression in dementia patients: association of caregiver mood with depression ratings. Gerontologist, 34, 231234. doi:10.1093/geront/34.2.231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed