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The development of forms and functions of aggression during early childhood: A temperament-based approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2022

Jamie M. Ostrov Open the ORCID record for Jamie M. Ostrov [Opens in a new window] ,
Dianna Murray-Close ,
Kristin J. Perry ,
Sarah J. Blakely-McClure ,
Gretchen R. Perhamus Open the ORCID record for Gretchen R. Perhamus [Opens in a new window] ,
Lauren M. Mutignani ,
Samantha Kesselring ,
Gabriela V. Memba  and
Sarah Probst
Jamie M. Ostrov*
Affiliation:
University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Dianna Murray-Close
Affiliation:
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
Kristin J. Perry
Affiliation:
University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Sarah J. Blakely-McClure
Affiliation:
Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, USA
Gretchen R. Perhamus
Affiliation:
University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Lauren M. Mutignani
Affiliation:
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
Samantha Kesselring
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
Gabriela V. Memba
Affiliation:
University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
Sarah Probst
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
*
Corresponding author: Jamie M. Ostrov, email: jostrov@buffalo.edu
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Abstract

This study used a short-term longitudinal design with theoretically derived preregistered hypotheses and analyses to examine the role of temperament in the development of forms (i.e., physical and relational) and functions (i.e., proactive and reactive) of aggressive behavior in early childhood (N = 300, M age = 44.70 months, SD = 4.38, 44% girls). Temperament was measured via behavioral reports of emotional dysregulation, fearlessness/daring, and rule internalization/empathy and, in a subsample that completed a physiological assessment, via skin conductance and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Emotion dysregulation generally served as a risk factor for all subtypes of aggression, with evidence of stronger associations with reactive as compared to proactive functions of relational aggression for girls. Daring predicted increases in physical aggression, especially among boys, and rule internalization predicted decreases in relational aggression, especially among girls. Rule internalization mediated longitudinal associations between daring and proactive relational aggression for girls. Some evidence also emerged supporting associations between adaptive functioning (i.e., high empathy, high respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and proactive functions of aggression. Findings highlight distinct temperamental risk factors for physical versus relational aggression and provide partial support for gender-linked theories of the development of aggression.

Keywords

aggressiondevelopmentearly childhoodgendertemperament
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 2 , May 2023 , pp. 941 - 957
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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