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Three-variable systems: An integrative moderation and mediation framework for developmental psychopathology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 June 2021

Brandon L. Goldstein Open the ORCID record for Brandon L. Goldstein [Opens in a new window] ,
Megan C. Finsaas ,
Thomas M. Olino Open the ORCID record for Thomas M. Olino [Opens in a new window] ,
Roman Kotov ,
Damion J. Grasso  and
Daniel N. Klein
Brandon L. Goldstein*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
Megan C. Finsaas
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Thomas M. Olino
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Roman Kotov
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Damion J. Grasso
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
Daniel N. Klein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Brandon L. Goldstein, Department of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Division, 65 Kane St. West Hartford, CT 06119, USA; E-mail: brandonlgoldstein@gmail.com
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Abstract

In this article, we consider an often overlooked model that combines mediation and moderation to explain how a third variable can relate to a risk factor–psychopathology relationship. We refer to it as moderation and mediation in a three-variable system. We describe how this model is relevant to studying vulnerability factors and how it may advance developmental psychopathology research. To illustrate the value of this approach, we provide several examples where this model may be applicable, such as the relationships among parental externalizing pathology, harsh parenting, and offspring psychopathology as well as between neuroticism, stressful life events, and depression. We discuss possible reasons why this model has not gained traction and attempt to clarify and dispel those concerns. We provide guidance and recommendations for when to consider this model for a given data set and point toward existing resources for testing this model that have been developed by statisticians and other methodologists. Lastly, we describe important caveats, limitations, and considerations for making this approach most useful for developmental research. Overall, our goal in presenting this information to developmental psychopathology researchers is to encourage testing moderation and mediation in a three-variable system with the aim of advancing analytic strategies for studying vulnerability factors.

Keywords

developmental psychopathologylongitudinal researchmediationmoderationrisk factors
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , February 2023 , pp. 12 - 23
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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