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Primary and secondary callous–unemotional traits in adolescence are associated with distinct maladaptive and adaptive outcomes in adulthood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2021

Natalie Goulter Open the ORCID record for Natalie Goulter [Opens in a new window] ,
Stephanie G. Craig Open the ORCID record for Stephanie G. Craig [Opens in a new window]  and
Robert J. McMahon
Natalie Goulter*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Stephanie G. Craig
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Robert J. McMahon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
*
Author for Correspondence: Natalie Goulter, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; E-mail: ngoulter@sfu.ca
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Abstract

While phenotypically indistinguishable with respect to callousness, individuals with primary and secondary callous–unemotional (CU) traits may show different developmental outcomes. This research predominantly comprised cross-sectional studies of male participants with a focus on maladaptive correlates. Thus, the present study examined whether youth with primary and secondary CU traits identified in Grade 7 reported distinct maladaptive outcomes (internalizing, externalizing, and substance use problems; criminal offenses; and sexual and partner experiences) and adaptive outcomes (health and wellbeing, education, and employment) in adulthood at age 25. We also examined sex differences. Participants included the high-risk control and normative samples from the Fast Track project (N = 754, male = 58%, Black = 46%). Youth with secondary CU traits reported higher levels of adult internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, a greater number of sexual partners and risky sexual behavior, and a greater number of violent offenses, compared with individuals with primary CU traits and those with low CU and anxiety symptoms. Conversely, youth with primary CU traits and low symptoms had higher wellbeing and happiness scores than those with secondary CU traits. Finally, there was differentiation on outcomes between female primary and secondary CU variants and male primary and secondary CU variants.

Keywords

callous-unemotional traitscallous-unemotional variantsadolescenceadulthood
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , February 2023 , pp. 274 - 289
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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