Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ph5wq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T14:32:31.131Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Transactional effects among maternal depression, neighborhood deprivation, and child conduct problems from early childhood through adolescence: A tale of two low-income samples

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2016

Daniel S. Shaw*
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Stephanie L. Sitnick
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Julia Reuben
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Thomas J. Dishion
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Melvin N. Wilson
Affiliation:
University of Virginia
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Daniel S. Shaw, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4101 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260-0001; E-mail: casey@pitt.edu.

Abstract

The current study sought to advance our understanding of transactional processes among maternal depression, neighborhood deprivation, and child conduct problems (CP) using two samples of low-income families assessed repeatedly from early childhood to early adolescence. After accounting for initial levels of negative parenting, independent and reciprocal effects between maternal depressive symptoms and child CP were evident across both samples, beginning in early childhood and continuing through middle childhood and adolescence. In addition, neighborhood effects were consistently found in both samples after children reached age 5, with earlier neighborhood effects on child CP and maternal depression found in the one exclusively urban sample of families with male children. The results confirm prior research on the independent contribution of maternal depression and child CP to the maintenance of both problem behaviors. The findings also have implications for designing preventative and clinical interventions to address child CP for families living in high-risk neighborhoods.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4–18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2–3 and 1992 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.Google Scholar
Baker, B. L., & Heller, T. L. (1996). Preschool children with externalizing behaviors: Experience of fathers and mothers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 513532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77100.Google Scholar
Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75, 8195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 8396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beyers, J. M., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2003). Neighborhood structure, parenting processes, and the development of youths’ externalizing behaviors: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 3553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M. B., Kim, S., & Brown, A. C. (2002). Longitudinal pathways to competence and psychological adjustment among African American children living in rural single-parent households. Child Development, 73, 15051516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2009). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Aber, J. L. (1997). Lessons learned in future directions for research on the neighborhoods in which children live. In Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Aber, J. L. (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty: Vol. 1. Context and consequences for children (pp. 279297). New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Brown, R. T., Borden, K. A., Clingerman, S. R., & Jenkins, P. (1988). Depression in attention-deficit-disordered and normal children and their parents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 18, 119132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browne, W. M., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Burt, K. B., Van Dulmen, M. H. M., Carlivati, J., Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A., Forman, D. R., et al. (2005). Mediating links between maternal depression and offspring psychopathology: The importance of independent data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 490499.Google Scholar
Campbell, S. B., Matestic, P., von Stauffenberg, C. V., Mohan, R., & Kirchner, T. (2007). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and children's functioning at school entry. Developmental Psychology, 43, 12021215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, S. B., Shaw, D. S., & Gilliom, M. (2000). Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 467488.Google Scholar
Chazan-Cohen, R., Raikes, H., Brooks-Gunn, J., Ayoub, C., Pan, B. A., Kisker, E. E., et al. (2009). Low-income children's school readiness: Parent contributions over the first five years. Early Education and Development, 20, 958977.Google Scholar
Choe, D. E., Shaw, D. S., Brennan, L. M., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2014). Inhibitory control as a mediator of bidirectional effects between early oppositional behavior and maternal depression. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 11291147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Civic, D., & Holt, V. L. (2000). Maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior problems in a nationally representative normal birthweight sample. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 4, 215221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coley, R. L., Morris, J. E., & Hernandez, D. (2004). Out-of-school care and problem behavior trajectories among low-income adolescents: Individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics as added risks. Child Development, 75, 948965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (1994). Families in troubled times: Adapting to change in rural America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons, R.L. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65, 541561.Google Scholar
Connell, A. M., & Goodman, S. H. (2002). The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 746773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coyne, J., Kahn, J., & Gotlib, I. (1987). Depression. In Jacob, T. (Ed.), Family interaction and psychopathology: Theories, methods, and findings (pp. 509533). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Cui, M., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Reciprocal influences between parents’ marital problems and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43, 15441552.Google Scholar
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1994). Maternal depression and child development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 73112.Google Scholar
Cummings, E. M., Keller, P. S., & Davies, P. T. (2005). Towards a family process model of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms: Exploring multiple relations with child and family functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 479489.Google Scholar
Cutrona, C. E., & Trouman, B. R. (1986). Social support, infant temperament, and parenting self-efficacy: A mediational model of postpartum depression. Child Development, 57, 15071518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahl, R. E. (2001). Affect regulation, brain development, and behavioral/emotional health in adolescence. CNS Spectrums, 6, 6072.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. E. (2004). Adolescent brain development: A period of vulnerability and opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DelBello, M. P., & Geller, B. (2001). Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorders, 3, 325334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dishion, T. J., & McMahon, R. J. (1998). Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1, 6175.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (1997). Handbook of antisocial behavior. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (in press). The development and ecology of problem behavior: Linking etiology, prevention, and treatment. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Handbook for developmental psychopathology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Connell, A., Wilson, M. N., Gardner, F., & Weaver, C. (2008). The Family Check-Up with high-risk families with toddlers: Outcomes on positive parenting and early problem behavior. Child Development, 79, 13951414.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Stormshak, E. A. (2007). Intervening in children's lives: An ecological, family-centered approach to mental health care. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Donenberg, G., & Baker, B. L. (1993). The impact of young children with externalizing behaviors on their families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 179186.Google Scholar
Eddy, J. M., Leve, L. D., & Fagot, B. I. (2001). Coercive family processes: A replication and extension of Patterson's coercion model. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 1425.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Ertel, K. A., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Maternal depression in the United States: Nationally representative rates and risks. Journal of Women's Health, 20, 16091617.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. (2001). Environmental stress and health. In Baum, A., Revenson, T. E., & Singer, J. E. (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology (pp. 365385). Malwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. (2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59, 7792.Google Scholar
Fagot, B. I., & Kavanagh, K. (1993). Parenting during the second year: Effects of children's age, sex, and attachment classification. Child Development, 64, 258271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farmer, A., McGuffin, P., & Williams, J. (2002). Measuring psychopathology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1993). The effect of maternal depression on maternal ratings of child behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 245269.Google Scholar
Feske, U., Shear, M. K., Anderson, B., Cyranowski, J., Strassburger, M., Matty, M., et al. (2001). Comparison of severe life stress in depressed mothers and non-mothers: Do children matter? Depression and Anxiety, 13, 109117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furstenberg, F. F. (1993). How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods. In Wilson, W. J. (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 231258). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Gelfand, D. M., & Teti, D. M. (1990). The effects of maternal depression on children. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 320354.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, K. A., & Lemery, K. S. (1997). Toddler and childhood temperament: Expanded content, stronger genetic evidence, new evidence for the importance of environment. Developmental Psychology, 33, 891905.Google Scholar
Goodman, S. H., & Brumley, H. E. (1990). Schizophrenic and depressed mothers: Relational deficits in parenting. Developmental Psychology, 26, 3139.Google Scholar
Goodman, S. H., Rouse, M. H., Connell, A. M., Broth, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Heyward, D. (2011). Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458490.Google Scholar
Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1998). Consequences of depression during adolescence: Marital status and marital functioning in early adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 686690.Google Scholar
Gross, H., Shaw, D. S., Burwell, R. A., & Nagin, D. S. (2009). Transactional processes in child disruptive behavior and maternal depression: A longitudinal study from early childhood to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 139156.Google Scholar
Gross, H., Shaw, D. S., & Moilanen, K. (2008). Reciprocal associations between boys’ externalizing problems and mothers’ depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 693709.Google Scholar
Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., Moilanen, K. L., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2008). Child behavior and depression in mothers and fathers in a sample of children at risk for early conduct problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 742751.Google Scholar
Hall, L. A., Williams, C. A., & Greenberg, R. S. (1985). Supports, stressors, and depressive symptoms in low-income mothers of young children. American Journal of Public Health, 75, 518522.Google Scholar
Hammen, C. (1991). Life events and depression: The plot thickens. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 179193.Google Scholar
Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (1998). Multisystemic treatment of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Horwitz, S. M., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Storfer-Isser, A., & Carter, A. S. (2007). Prevalence, correlates, and persistence of maternal depression. Journal of Women's Health, 16, 678691.Google Scholar
Ingoldsby, E., & Shaw, D. S. (2002). Neighborhood contextual factors and the onset and progression of early-starting antisocial pathways. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5, 2155.Google Scholar
Ingoldsby, E., Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E., Schonberg, M., Gilliom, M., & Criss, M. (2006). Neighborhood disadvantage, parent-child conflict, neighborhood peer relationships, and early antisocial behavior problem trajectories. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 303319.Google Scholar
Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. S. (1995). The development of coercive family processes: The interaction between aversive toddler behavior and parenting factors. In McCord, J. (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 165182). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. S. (1997). Developmental influences on young girls’ behavioral and emotional problems. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95113.Google Scholar
Kohen, D. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Leventhal, T., & Hertzman, C. (2002). Neighborhood income and physical and social disorder in Canada: Associations with young children's competencies. Child Development, 73, 18441860.Google Scholar
Kouros, C. D., & Garber, J. (2010). Dynamic associations between maternal depressive symptoms and adolescents’ depressive and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 10691081.Google Scholar
Lapalme, M., Hodgins, S., & LaRoche, C. (1997). Children of parents with bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis of risk for mental disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 623631.Google Scholar
Larzelere, R. E., Martin, J. A., & Amberson, T. G. (1989). The Toddler Behavior Checklist: A parent-completed assessment of social-emotional characteristics of young preschoolers. Family Relations, 38, 418425.Google Scholar
Laursen, B., Coy, K. C., & Collins, W. A. (1998). Reconsidering changes in parent-child conflict across adolescence: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 69, 817832.Google Scholar
Leve, L. D., Scaramella, L. V., & Fagot, B. I. (2001). Infant temperament, pleasure in parenting, and marital happiness in adoptive families. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 545558.Google Scholar
Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin, 26, 309337.Google Scholar
Mackinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99.Google Scholar
Marchand, J. F., Hock, E., & Widaman, K. (2002). Mutual relations between mothers’ depressive symptoms and hostile–controlling behavior and young children's externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 335353.Google Scholar
Martin, J. (1981). A longitudinal study of the consequences of early mother-infant interaction: A microanalytic approach. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46, 158.Google Scholar
McLeod, J. D., & Shanahan, M. J. (1993). Poverty, parenting, and children's mental health. American Sociological Review, 58, 351366.Google Scholar
McLoyd, V. C., Jayaratne, T. E., Ceballo, R., & Borquez, J. (1994). Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Development, 65, 562589.Google Scholar
Mistry, R. S., Vandewater, E. A., Huston, A. C., & McLoyd, V. C. (2002). Economic well-being and children's social adjustment: The role of family process in an ethnically diverse low-income sample. Child Develoment, 73, 935951.Google Scholar
Muthén, B. O., & Muthén, L. K. (2009). Mplus (Version 5.2). Los Angeles: Author.Google Scholar
Nelson, D. R., Hammen, C., Brennan, P. A., & Ullman, J. B. (2003). The impact of maternal depression on adolescent adjustment: The role of expressed emotion. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 71, 935944.Google Scholar
Nelson, K. (1996). Memory development from 4 to 7 years. In Sameroff, A. J. & Haith, M. M. (Eds.), The five to seven year shift: The age of reason and responsibility (pp. 141160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nicholson, J. S., Deboeck, P. R., Farris, J. R., Boker, S. M., & Borkowski, J. G. (2011). Maternal depressive symptomatology and child behavior: Transactional relationship with continuous bidirectional coupling. Developmental Psychology, 47, 13121323.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. (1982). Coercive family processes (Vol. 3). Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Pelham, W. E., Lang, A. R., Atkeson, B., Murphy, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., et al. (1997). Effects of deviant child behavior on parental distress and alcohol consumption in laboratory interactions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 413424.Google Scholar
Pianta, R. C., Cox, M. J., Taylor, L., & Early, D. (1999). Kindergarten teachers’ practices related to the transition to school: Results of a national survey. Elementary School Journal, 100, 7186.Google Scholar
Plomin, R., & McLearn, G. E. (1993). Nature, nurture, and psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Prinzie, P., Onghena, P., Hellinckx, W., Grietens, H., Ghesquiére, P., & Colpin, H. (2004). Parent and child personality characteristics as predictors of negative discipline and externalizing problem behaviour in children. European Journal of Personality, 18, 73102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385401.Google Scholar
Ramchandani, P. G., Domoney, J., Sethna, V., Psychogiou, L., Vlachos, H., & Murray, L. (2013). Do early father–infant interactions predict the onset of externalising behaviours in young children? Findings from a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 5664.Google Scholar
Raposa, E. B., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2011). Effects of child psychopathology on maternal depression: The mediating role of child-related acute and chronic stressors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 39, 11771186.Google Scholar
Reuben, J., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., Gardner, F., & Shaw, D. S. (2015). Testing a developmental cascade model of maternal depression, parent-child coercion, and childhood conduct externalizing behavior. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., & Pianta, R. C. (2000). An ecological perspective on the transition to kindergarten: A theoretical framework to guide empirical research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21, 491511.Google Scholar
Sameroff, A. (2009). The transactional model. In Sameroff, A. (Ed.), The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other (pp. 322). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Sameroff, A. J., & Chandler, M. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In Horowitz, F. D., Hetherington, E. M., Scarr-Salapatek, S., & Siegel, G. (Eds.), Review of child development research (Vol. 4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (1993). The community context of violent crime. In Wilson, W. J. (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 259286). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (2001). How do communities undergird or undermine human development? Relevant contexts and social mechanisms. In Crouter, A. C. & Booth, A. (Eds.), Does it take a village? Community effects on children, adolescents, and families (pp. 330). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., & Morenoff, J. D. (2004). Spatial (dis)advantage and homicide in Chicago neighborhoods. In Goodchild, M. & Janelle, D. (Eds.), Spatially integrated social science (pp. 145170). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Seidman, E., Yoshikawa, H., Roberts, A., Chesir-Teran, D., Allen, L., Friedman, J. L., et al. (1998). Structural and experiential neighborhood contexts, developmental stage, and AB among urban adolescents in poverty. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 259281.Google Scholar
Shafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view on the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147177.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., & Bell, R. Q. (1993). Developmental theories of parental contributors to antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 493518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, D. S., Bell, R. Q., & Gilliom, M. (2000). A truly early starter model of antisocial behavior revisited. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 155172.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Connell, A., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. (2009). Improvements in maternal depression as a mediator of intervention effects on early child problem behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 417439.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Gilliom, M., Ingoldsby, E. M., & Nagin, D. (2003). Trajectories leading to school-age conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 39, 189200.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Gross, H., & Moilanen, K. (2009). Developmental transactions between boys’ conduct problems and mothers’ depressive symptoms. In Sameroff, A. (Ed.), The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other (pp. 7796). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Hyde, L. W., & Brennan, L. M. (2012). Early predictors of boys’ antisocial trajectories. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 871888.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Keenan, K., & Vondra, J. I. (1994). Developmental precursors of externalizing behavior: Ages 1 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 30, 355364.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., & Shelleby, E. C. (2014). Early-onset conduct problems: Intersection of conduct problems and poverty. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 503528.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Sitnick, S., Brennan, L. M., Choe, D. E., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., et al. (in press). Moderation by neighborhood deprivation on the long-term effectiveness of the Family Check-Up on school-age conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Vondra, J. I., Dowdell Hommerding, K. D., Keenan, K., & Dunn, M. (1994). Chronic family adversity and early child behavior problems: A longitudinal study of low income families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 11091122.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E. B., Owens, E. B., & Hood, N. (1998). Young children's adjustment to chronic family adversity: A longitudinal study of low-income families. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 545553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E. B., Owens, E. B., Vondra, J. I., Cohn, J. F., & Bell, R. Q. (1998). The development of early externalizing problems among children from low-income families: A transformational perspective. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 95107.Google Scholar
Sitnick, S. L., Shaw, D. S., Gill, A., Dishion, T., Winter, C., Waller, R., et al. (in press). Parenting and the Family Check-Up: Developments and changes in observed parent–child interaction during early childhood. Journal Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L., & Silk, J. S. (2002). Parenting adolescents. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 1. Children and parenting (2nd ed., pp. 103133). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Supplee, L. H., Unikel, E., & Shaw, D. S. (2007). Physical environmental adversity and the protective role of maternal monitoring in relation to early child conduct problems. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 166183.Google Scholar
Taraban, L., Shaw, D. S., Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Leve, L. D., Conger, R., et al. (2015). Paternal depression, parenting, and child outcomes: Moderating role of child negative emotionality. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers and infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development, 62, 918929.Google Scholar
Weinfeld, N. S., Ingerski, L., & Moreau, S. C. (2009). Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms as predictors of toddler adjustment. Journal of Family Studies, 18, 3947.Google Scholar
Wikstrom, P. H., & Loeber, R. (1999). Do disadvantaged neighborhoods cause well-adjusted children to become adolescent delinquents? A study of male juvenile serious offending, individiaul risk and protective factors, and neighborhood context. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Clinic & Institute.Google Scholar
Winslow, E. B., & Shaw, D. S. (1995). Early parenting coding system. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Winslow, E. B., & Shaw, D. S. (2007). Impact of neighborhood disadvantage on overt behavior problems during early childhood. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 207219.Google Scholar
Winslow, E. B., Shaw, D. S., Yaggi, K., & Dougherty, R. (1999). Roles of neighborhood context, ethnicity, and maternal parenting in the development of early male conduct problems. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, NM.Google Scholar
Xue, Y., Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Earls, F. J. (2005). Neighborhood residence and mental health problems of 5- to 11-year-olds. Achives of General Psychiatry, 62, 554563.Google Scholar