Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T07:31:51.144Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Social Isolation in Chinese Older Adults: Scoping Review for Age-Friendly Community Planning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2017

M. Anum Syed ,
Lynn McDonald ,
Corinne Smirle ,
Karen Lau ,
Raza M. Mirza  and
Sander L. Hitzig
M. Anum Syed
Affiliation:
Institute for Life Course & Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto
Lynn McDonald
Affiliation:
Institute for Life Course & Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto
Corinne Smirle
Affiliation:
Institute for Life Course & Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto
Karen Lau
Affiliation:
Institute for Life Course & Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto
Raza M. Mirza
Affiliation:
Institute for Life Course & Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto
Sander L. Hitzig*
Affiliation:
St. John’s Rehab Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University Lyndhurst Centre, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network
*
†La correspondance et les demandes de tire-à-part doivent être adressées à : / Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to: Sander L. Hitzig St. John’s Rehab 285 Cummer Avenue, Room B105 Toronto, ON M2M 2G1 <sander.hitzig@utoronto.ca>
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Chinese older adults may be at increased risk of social isolation and loneliness, and a fragmented understanding exists about the challenges they face for social participation in their neighbourhoods and communities. A scoping review was undertaken to describe the current knowledge on social isolation and loneliness in urban-dwelling Chinese older adults living in Western societies to inform future research, practice, and policy in Canada. Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. The World Health Organization’s age-friendly community framework contextualized the study findings. Studies identified issues related to (1) social participation; (2) community support and health services; (3) housing; (4) community and information; (5) respect and social inclusion; (6) outdoor spaces and public buildings; (7) civic participation and employment; and (8) transportation. Social isolation and loneliness is a growing concern in this population in Canada, and additional research is needed to identify its scope and effective interventions.

Résumé

Les adultes chinois plus âgés peuvent être exposés à un risque accru d’isolement social et de solitude; pourtant, une telle compréhension des défis auxquels ils peuvent faire face pour la participation sociale dans leurs quartiers et communautés est fragmentée. Un examen de la portée a été entrepris pour décrire les connaissances actuelles sur l’isolement social et la solitude chez les aînés chinois vivant en milieu urbain dans les sociétés occidentales afin d’éclairer les recherches, les pratiques et les politiques futures au Canada. Dix-neuf articles répondent aux critères d’inclusion. Le système des communautés conçues pour les adultes vieillisantes de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé a contextualisé les résultats de l’étude. Les études ont identifié des questions liées (1) à la participation sociale; (2) au soutien communautaire et aux services de santé; (3) au logement; (4) à la communauté et à l’information; (5) au respect et à l’inclusion sociale; (6) aux espaces extérieurs et aux édifices publics; (7) à la participation civique et à l’emploi; et (8) au transport. L’isolement social et la solitude sont des préoccupations croissantes au sein de cette population au Canada, et des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour en déterminer la portée et les interventions efficaces.

Keywords

agingage-friendlyethnicityscoping reviewvieillissementfavorable aux aînésethnicitéexamen de la portée
Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement , Volume 36 , Issue 2 , June 2017 , pp. 223 - 245
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Funding provided by the Government of Ontario: Grant #: 2015-01-1-72794641. The views expressed in this review reflect those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Province of Ontario. Additional funding provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada: Grant#: 895-2011-1032.

The authors thank Andrea Austen and Heath Priston (City of Toronto), Glenn Miller (Canadian Urban Institute), Adina Lebo and Lillian Wells (Toronto Council on Aging), and representatives from the Toronto Chinese Community and Culture Centre (TCCC) for their expert input on the development of this review.

References

Age-Friendly Windsor. (2011). Age-friendly city project update. Retrieved from http://www.windsorseniors.com/wordpress/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/retirement-living-update.pdf Google Scholar
Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 19–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashida, S., & Heaney, C. A. (2008). Differential associations of social support and social connectedness with structural features of social networks and the health status of older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 20(7), 872–893.Google Scholar
Ball, M. S., & Lawler, K. (2014). Changing practice and policy to move to scale: A framework for age-friendly communities across the United States. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 26(1–2), 19–32.Google Scholar
British Columbia Ministry of Health. (2004). Social isolation among seniors: An emerging issue. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/library/publications/year/2004/Social_Isolation_Among_Seniors.pdf Google Scholar
Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., & Scharf, T. (2012). Ageing in urban environments: Developing ‘age-friendly’ cities. Critical Social Policy, 32(4), 597–617.Google Scholar
Chan, K. B. (1991). Smoke and fire: The Chinese in Montreal. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Chi, I., Yuan, L., and Meng, T. (2013). Multidimensional needs assessment for low-income Chinese seniors in subsidized housing in Los Angeles. Seniors Housing & Care Journal, 21(1), 113–125.Google Scholar
Chinese Canadian Historical Society. (2005). Historic study of the society buildings in Chinatown. Retrieved from http://vancouver.ca/files/cov/historic-study-of-the-society-buildings-in-chinatown.pdf Google Scholar
Government of Canada. (2015). Facts and figures 2014 – Immigration overview: Permanent residents. Retrieved from Government of Canada website: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2014/permanent/09.asp Google Scholar
City of Calgary. (2014). Chinatown Profile. Retrieved from http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/CNS/Pages/Social-research-policy-and-resources/Community-profiles/Chinatown-Profile.aspx Google Scholar
City of Toronto. (2010). Profile of low income in the city of Toronto. Retrieved from https://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/social_development_finance__administration/files/pdf/poverty_profile_2010.pdf Google Scholar
City of Toronto. (2013). Toronto Seniors Strategy: Towards an age-friendly city. Retrieved from http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=408dfdab3fd36410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=6fc8f40f9aae0410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD Google Scholar
Cloutier-Fisher, D., Kobayashi, K. M., & Smith, A. P. (2011). The subjective dimension of social isolation: A qualitative investigation of older adults’ experiences in small social support networks. Journal of Aging Studies, 23(1), 61–69.Google Scholar
Cooke, M. (2006). Policy changes and the labour force participation of older workers: Evidence from six countries. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 25(4), 387–400.Google Scholar
Cornman, J. C., Goldman, N., Glei, D. A., Weinstein, M., & Chang, M. C. (2003). Social ties and perceived support two dimensions of social relationships and health among the elderly in Taiwan. Journal of Aging and Health, 15(4), 616–644.Google Scholar
Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31–48.Google Scholar
De Jong Gierveld, J., Van der Pas, S., & Keating, N. (2015). Loneliness of older immigrant groups in Canada: Effects of ethnic-cultural background. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 30(3), 251–268.Google Scholar
De Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (1995). Social relationships, integration and loneliness. In Knipscheer, C. P. M., de Jong Gierveld, J., van Tilburg, T. G., & Dykstra, P. A. (Eds.), Living Arrangements and Social Networks of Older Adults (pp. 155–172). Amsterdam, NLD: VU University Press.Google Scholar
Dellamora, M. C., Zecevic, A. A., Baxter, D., Cramp, A., Fitzsimmons, D., & Kloseck, M. (2015). Review of assessment tools for baseline and follow-up measurement of age-friendliness. Ageing International, 40(2), 149–164.Google Scholar
Dempsey, C. (2009). Elderly immigrants: Income sources and self-sufficiency. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/research-stats/elderly.pdf Google Scholar
Dong, X., Chang, E., Wong, E., & Simon, M. (2012). Perception and negative effect of loneliness in a Chicago Chinese population of older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54, 151–159.Google Scholar
Dong, X., Li, Y., & Simon, M. (2014). Social engagement among U.S. Chinese older adults–findings from the PINE Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 69(Suppl. 2), S82–9.Google Scholar
Emlet, C. A., & Moceri, J. T. (2012). The importance of social connectedness in building age-friendly communities. Journal of Aging Research, 1–9.Google Scholar
Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H. X., Ericsson, K., Maytan, M., & Windblad, B. (2000). Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: A community-based longitudinal study. Lancet, 355(9212), 1315–1319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukui, H. M. (2014). Social networks of older immigrants in Phoenix, Arizona (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.Google Scholar
Garon, S., Paris, M., Beaulieu, M., Veil, A., & Laliberté, A. (2014). Collaborative partnership in age-friendly cities: Two case studies from Quebec, Canada. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 26(1–2), 73–87.Google Scholar
Gee, E. (2000). Living arrangements and quality of life among Chinese Canadian elders. Social Indicators Research, 51, 309–329.Google Scholar
Glicksman, A., Clark, K., Kleban, M. H., Ring, L., & Hoffman, C. (2014). Building an integrated research/policy planning age-friendly agenda. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 26(1–2), 131–146.Google Scholar
Gorbien, M., & Eisenstein, A. (2005). Elder abuse and neglect: An overview. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 21. Retrieved from http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/medicine/geriatrics/education/documents/elder%20abuse%20and%20neglect.pdf Google Scholar
Greenfield, E. A., Oberlink, M., Scharlach, A. E., Neal, M. B., & Stafford, P. B. (2015). Age-friendly community initiatives: Conceptual issues and key questions. The Gerontologist, 55(2), 191–198.Google Scholar
Guruge, S., Thomson, M. S., & Seifi, S. G. (2015). Mental health and service issues faced by older immigrants in Canada: A scoping review. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 34(4), 431–444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hackett, R. A., Hamer, M., Endrighi, R., Brydon, L., & Steptoe, A. (2012). Loneliness and stress-related inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses in older men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(11), 1801–1809.Google Scholar
Hall, M., Havens, B., & Sylvestre, G. (2003). The experience of social isolation and loneliness among older men in Manitoba. Retrieved from http://www.veterans.gc.ca/pdf/about-us/research-directorate/social-isol-loneliness-vac-report.pdf Google Scholar
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., and Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7) e1000316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 Google Scholar
Hsu, Y. (2014). Feeling at home in Chinatown: Voices and narratives of Chinese monolingual seniors in Montreal. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 15, 331–347.Google Scholar
Ip, D., Lui, C. W., & Chui, W. H. (2007). Veiled entrapment: A study of social isolation of older Chinese migrants in Brisbane, Queensland. Ageing and Society, 27(5), 719–738.Google Scholar
Kaida, L., & Boyd, M. (2011). Poverty variations among the elderly: The roles of income security policies and family co-residence. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du viellissement, 30(1), 83–100.Google Scholar
Keefe, J., Fancey, P., Andrew, M., & Hall, M. (2006). Final report: A profile of social isolation in Canada. Prepared for Federal/Provincial/ Territorial Committee of Officials (Seniors). Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/library/publications/year/2006/keefe_social_isolation_final_report_may_2006.pdf Google Scholar
Koehn, S., Spencer, C., & Hwang, E. (2010). Promises, promises: Cultural and legal dimensions of sponsorship for immigrant seniors. In Durst, D., & MacLean, M. (Eds.), Diversity and aging among immigrant seniors in Canada: Changing faces and greying temples (pp. 79–102). Calgary, AB: Detselig Enterprises Ltd.Google Scholar
Kuo, B. C. H., & Guan, J. (2006). Sociocultural predictors of depression for Chinese immigrant elderly in Canada: Acculturation, relationship with adult children, social support, and perceived services barriers. In Zinga, D. (Ed.), Navigating Multiculturalism: Negotiating Change, 373–392. Newcastle upon Tyne, ENG: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Lai, D. C. (1988). Chinatowns: Towns within cities in Canada. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Lai, D. W. (2004). Impact of culture on depressive symptoms of elderly Chinese immigrants. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(12), 820–827.Google Scholar
Lai, D. W. (2005). Cultural factors and preferred living arrangement of aging Chinese Canadians. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 19(2), 71–86.Google Scholar
Lai, D. W. (2007a). For better or for worse: Elderly Chinese immigrants living alone in Canada. Hallym International Journal of Aging, 9(2), 107–23.Google Scholar
Lai, D. W. (2007b). Predictors of use of senior centers by elderly Chinese immigrants in Canada. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 15(1-2), 97–121.Google Scholar
Lai, D. W., & Chau, S. B. (2007). Effects of service barriers on health status of older Chinese immigrants in Canada. Social Work, 52(3), 261–269.Google Scholar
Lai, D. W., & Leonenko, W. L. (2007). Correlates of living alone among single elderly Chinese immigrants in Canada. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65(2), 121–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science. 5(69). doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-5-69 Google Scholar
Liddle, J., Scharf, T., Bartlam, B., Bernard, M., & Sim, J. (2014). Exploring the age-friendliness of purpose-built retirement communities: Evidence from England. Ageing and Society, 34(09), 1601–1629.Google Scholar
Lightman, N., & Good Gingrich, L. (2012). The intersecting dynamics of social exclusion: Age, gender, race and immigrant status in Canada’s labour market. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 44(3), 121–145.Google Scholar
Lindsay, C. (2001). Profiles of Ethnic Communities in Canada, The Chinese Community in Canada [Catalogue no. 89-621-XIE – No. 001]. Ottawa, ON: Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division, Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/89-621-X/89-621-XIE2006001.pdf Google Scholar
Lui, C. W., Everingham, J. A., Warburton, J., Cuthill, M., & Bartlett, H. (2009). What makes a community age-friendly: A review of international literature. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 28, 116–121.Google Scholar
MacCourt, P. (2007). Review of federal / territorial / provincial (FTP) services and policies and analysis of impact on social isolation. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/library/publications/year/2007/policies_program_report_apr_2007.pdf Google Scholar
Martin-Matthews, A., Tamblyn, R., Keefe, J., & Gillis, M. (2009). Bridging policy and research on aging in Canada: Recognizing an anniversary, realizing an opportunity. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 28(2), 185–193.Google Scholar
Martin-Matthews, A., Tong, C. E., Rosenthal, C. J., & McDonald, L. (2013). Ethno-cultural diversity in the experience of widowhood in later life: Chinese widows in Canada. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(4), 507–518.Google Scholar
McDonald, L. (2011). Theorising about ageing, family and immigration. Ageing and Society, 31, 1180–1201.Google Scholar
McDonald, L., Hitzig, S. L., Pillemer, K. A., Lachs, M. S., Beaulieu, M., Brownell, P., … & Thomas, C. (2015). Developing a research agenda on resident-to-resident aggression: Recommendations from a consensus conference. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 146–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medical Advisory Secretariat. (2008). Social isolation in community-dwelling seniors: An evidence-based analysis. Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series, 8(5), 1–49. Epub.Google Scholar
Menec, V. H., Huton, L., Newall, N., Nowicki, S., Spina, J., & Veselyuk, D. (2015). How ‘age-friendly’ are rural communities and what community characteristics are related to age-friendliness? The Case of Rural Manitoba, Canada. Ageing and Society, 35(1), 203–223.Google Scholar
Menec, V. H., Means, R., Keating, N., Parkhurst, G., & Eales, J. (2011). Conceptualizing age-friendly communities. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du viellissement, 30(3), 479–493.Google Scholar
Menec, V. H., Newall, N., & Nowicki, S. (2016). Assessing communities’ age-friendliness: How congruent are subjective versus objective assessments? Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35(5), 549–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Min, J. W. (2005). Cultural competency: A key to effective social work with racially and ethnically diverse elders. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 86(3), 347–358.Google Scholar
Moulaert, T., & Garon, S. (2016). Age-Friendly Cities and Communities in International Comparison. Cham, CHE: Springer International.Google Scholar
Mui, A. C. (1996). Depression among elderly Chinese immigrants: An exploratory study. Social Work, 41(6), 633–645.Google Scholar
Mui, A. C. (1998). Living alone and depression among older Chinese immigrants. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 30(3/4), 147–166.Google Scholar
National Council of Welfare. (2008). Poverty profile: Special edition. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/esdc-edsc/migration/documents/eng/communities/reports/poverty_profile/snapshot.pdf Google Scholar
National Seniors Council. (2014). Scoping review of the literature: Social isolation of seniors. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/nsc-cna/documents/pdf/policy-and-program-development/publications-reports/2014/Scoping-Review-of-the-Literature-Social-Isolation-of-Seniors-2013-2014.pdf Google Scholar
Ng, E., Lai, D., Rudner, A., & Orpana, H. (2012). What do we know about immigrant seniors aging in Canada? A demographic, socio-economic and health profile. Retrieved from https://www.elderabuseontario.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/What-do-we-know-about-immigrant-seniors-aging-in-Canada.pdf Google Scholar
Nicholson, N. (2012). A review of social isolation: An important but under-assessed condition in older adults. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 33(2-3), 137–152.Google Scholar
Nova Scotia Seniors’ Secretariat. (2007). Age-friendly cities project – Halifax site. A project of the World Health Organization (WHO) (Summary Report). Retrieved from https://www.novascotia.ca/seniors/pub/2007_AgeFriendlyCitiesReport.pdf Google Scholar
Ontario Seniors’ Secretariat, Accessibility Directorate of Ontario, University of Waterloo, & McMaster University. (2013). Finding the right fit: Age-friendly community planning. Retrieved from http://www.seniors.gov.on.ca/en/resources/AFCP_Eng.pdf Google Scholar
Perissinotto, C. M., Stijacic Cenzer, I., & Covinsky, K. E. (2012). Loneliness in older persons: A predictor of functional decline and death. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172, 1078–1083.Google Scholar
Phillipson, C. (2011). Developing age-friendly communities: New approaches to growing old in urban environments. In Settersten, R. & Angel, J. (Eds.), Handbook of sociology of aging (pp. 279–297). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Plouffe, L., Garon, S., Brownoff, J., Eve, D., Foucault, M., Lawrence, R., … & Toews, V. (2013). Advancing age-friendly communities in Canada. Canadian Review of Social Policy, 68/69(1), 24–38.Google Scholar
Plouffe, L., & Kalache, A. (2010). Towards global age-friendly cities: Determining urban features that promote active aging. Journal of Urban Health, 87(5), 733–739. doi: 10.1007/s11524-010-9466-0 Google Scholar
Plouffe, L. A., & Kalache, A. (2011). Making communities age friendly: State and municipal initiatives in Canada and other countries. Gaceta Sanitaria, 25, 131–137.Google Scholar
Potter, W. J., & Levine-Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27, 258–284.Google Scholar
Prus, S. G., Tfaily, R., & Lin, Z. (2010). Comparing racial and immigrant health status and health care access in later life in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 29(03), 383–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Public Health Agency of Canada. (2007). Age-friendly rural and remote communities: A guide. Ottawa, ON: Federal/Provincial/Territorial (F/P/T) Committee of Officials (Seniors). Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/seniors-aines/alt-formats/pdf/publications/public/healthy-sante/age_friendly_rural/AFRRC_en.pdf Google Scholar
Public Health Agency of Canada. (2014). Age-friendly communities. Retrieved from www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/seniors-aines/afc-caa-eng.php Google Scholar
Saadat Mehr, F. (2013). Addressing factors related to depression and mental health in elderly Chinese immigrant women in Ontario (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. Université d’Ottawa/University of Ottawa: Ottawa, ON.Google Scholar
Scharlach, A. E., Davitt, J. K., Lehning, A. J., Greenfield, E. A., & Graham, C. L. (2014). Does the Village model help to foster age-friendly communities? Journal of aging & social policy, 26(1-2), 181–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scharlach, A., & Lehning, A. (2015). Creating aging-friendly communities. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simon, M. A., Chang, E. S., Zhang, M., Ruan, J., & Dong, X. (2014). The prevalence of loneliness among U.S. Chinese older adults. Journal of aging and health, 26(7), 1172–1188.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2011). Immigration and ethnocultural diversity in Canada. Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011001-eng.cfm Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2012). Canadian community health survey – Annual Component (CCHS). Retrieved from http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3226 Google Scholar
Tam, S., & Neysmith, S. (2006). Disrespect and isolation: Elder abuse in Chinese communities. Canadian Journal on Aging, 25(2), 141–151.Google Scholar
The Council on Aging of Ottawa. (n.d.). Building an age-friendly Ottawa. Retrieved from http://www.coaottawa.ca/afo/ Google Scholar
Thurston, R. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2009). Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(8), 836–842.Google Scholar
Walsh, K., Scharf, T., & Shucksmith, M. (2014). Exploring the impact of informal practices on social exclusion and age-friendliness for older people in rural communities. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24(1), 37–49.Google Scholar
Wong, S. T., Yoo, G. J., & Stewart, A. L. (2007). An empirical evaluation of social support and psychological well-being in older Chinese and Korean immigrants. Ethnicity and Health, 12(1), 43–67.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). (2007). Global age-friendly cities: A guide. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/Global_age_friendly_cities_Guide_English.pdf Google Scholar
Wu, Z., & Penning, M. J. (2015). Immigration and loneliness in later life. Ageing and Society, 35(1), 64–95.Google Scholar
Yee Hong Centre for Geriatric Care. (2013). The changing needs of Chinese seniors in the greater Toronto area. Retrieved from http://www.yeehong.com/centre/eLibrary/Needs_Study_Report.html Google Scholar
Zhou, Y. R. (2013). Transnational aging: The impacts of adult children’s immigration on their parents’ later lives. Transnational Social Review: A Social Work Journal, 3(1), 49–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar