Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T07:51:31.576Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Psychophysiological anomalies in children with emotional and conduct disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

M. Elena Garralda*
Affiliation:
Booth Hall Children's Hospital, University of Manchester
John Connell
Affiliation:
Booth Hall Children's Hospital, University of Manchester
David C. Taylor
Affiliation:
Booth Hall Children's Hospital, University of Manchester
*
1Address for correspondence: Professor M. E. Garralda, Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Horace Joules Hall, Central Middlesex Hospital, Park Royal, London NW10 7NS.

Synopsis

We studied patterns of psychophysiological (skin conductance, heart rate) reactivity to sounds and to situations with varying emotional and alerting connotations in child psychiatric out-patients and in healthy controls. Children with emotional disorders were particularly reactive to situations with aversive components, while conduct disorder subjects showed increased reactivity to pleasant situations and decreased responses to neutral but high-intensity stimulation and to withdrawal of stimulation in silence periods. The results indicate patterns of biological reactivity which may underlie different psychiatric disturbances in children.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Berg, W. K. & Berg, K. M. (1987) Psychophysiological development in infancy: state, startle and attention. In Handbook of Infant Development (ed. Osofsky, J. D.), pp. 238317. Wiley: New York.Google Scholar
Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hirshfeld, D. R., Faraone, S. V., Bolduc, E. A., Gersten, M., Meminger, S. R., Kangan, J., Snidman, N. & Reznick, J. (1990). Psychiatric correlates of behavioural inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 2126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birleson, P. (1981). The validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of a self-rating scale: a research report. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry 22, 7388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birleson, P., Hudson, I., Buchanan, D. G. & Wolff, S. (1987). Clinical evaluation of a self-rating scale for depressive disorder in childhood (Depression Self-Rating Scale). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 28, 4360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackburn, I. M., Roxborough, H. M., Muir, W. J., Glabus, M. & Blackwood, D. H. R. (1990). Perceptual and physiological dysfunction in depression. Psychological Medicine 20, 95103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cloninger, C. R. (1988). Sensation seeking and behaviour disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N. & Lang, P. J. (1989). Imagery, memory, and emotion: a psychophysiological analysis of clinical anxiety. In Handbook of Clinical Psychophysiology (ed. Turpin, G.), pp. 105134. Wiley: London.Google Scholar
Davies, J. G. V. & Maliphant, R. (1971). Autonomic responses of male adolescents exhibiting refractory behaviour in school. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 12, 115127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delamater, A. M. & Lahey, B. (1983). Physiological correlates of conduct problems and anxiety in hyperactive and learning-disabled children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 11, 85100.Google ScholarPubMed
Douglas, V. I. (1983). Attentional and cognitive problems. In Developmental Neuropsychiatry (ed. Rutter, M.), pp. 280329. Guilford Press: New York.Google Scholar
Finch, A. L. Jr., Montgomery, L. E. & Deardorff, P. A. (1974). Reliability of state–trait anxiety with emotionally disturbed children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2, 6769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Firestone, P. & Douglas, V. (1975). The effects of reward and punishment on reaction times and autonomic activity in hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 3, 201216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garralda, M. E., Connell, J. & Taylor, D. C. (1989). Peripheral psychophysiological changes in children with conduct and emotional disorders. Basal levels and reactivity to sounds. Behavioural Neurology 2, 125133.Google Scholar
Garralda, M. E., Connell, J. & Taylor, D. C. (1990). Peripheral psychophysiological reactivity to mental tasks in children with psychiatric disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Science 240, 4447.Google ScholarPubMed
Gorenstein, E. E. & Newman, J. P. (1980). Disinhibitory psychopathology: a new perspective and a model for research. Psychological Review 87, 301315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1972). Learning theory, the conceptual nervous system and personality. In Biological Bases of Individual Behaviour (ed. Gray, J. A. and Neblitsyn, V. D.), pp. 372399. Academic Press: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haenlein, M. & Caul, W. (1987). Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a specific hypothesis of reward dysfunction. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26, 356362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hersov, L. (1985). Emotional disorders. In Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (ed. Rutter, M. and Hersov, L.), pp. 368381. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford.Google Scholar
Hill, S. D., Bleichfeld, B., Brunstetter, R. D., Herbert, J. E. & Steckler, S. (1989). Cognitive and physiological responsiveness of abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28, 219224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, H. E. (1935). The galvanic skin response as related to overt emotional expression. American Journal of Psychology 47, 241251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, H. E. (1960). The longitudinal method in the study of personality. In Personality Development in Children (ed. Iscoe, I. and Stevenson, H.), pp. 327. University of Texas Press: Austin, TX.Google Scholar
Maliphant, R., Hume, F. & Furnham, A. (1990). Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, personality characteristics and disruptive behaviour in girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 31, 619628CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, L. E. & Finch, A. J. Jr. (1975). Validity of two measures of anxiety in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2, 293298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. & Venables, P. H. (1984 a). Tonic heart rate level, social class and antisocial behaviour in adolescents. Biological Psychology, 18, 123132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raine, A. & Venables, P. H. (1984 b). Electrodermal non-responding, antisocial behaviour, and schizoid tendencies in adolescents. Psychophysiology 21, 424433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M., Tizard, M. & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, Health and Development. Longman: London.Google Scholar
Schalling, D. (1978). Psychopathy-related personality variables and the psychophysiology of socialization. In Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research (ed. Hare, R. D. and Schalling, D.), pp. 85106. Wiley: New York.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K., Solant, M. V. & Bridger, W. H. (1985). Electrodermal activity of undersocialized aggressive children: a pilot study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 26, 653660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, S. & Gruzelier, J. (1984). Electrodermal activity to auditory stimuli in autistic, retarded and normal children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 14, 245260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Engeland, H. (1984). The electrodermal orienting response to auditive stimuli in autistic children, normal children, mentally retarded children, and child psychiatric patients. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 14, 261279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venables, P. H. (1980). Autonomic reactivity. In Developmental Psychiatry (ed. Rutter, M.), pp. 167176. Heinemann: London.Google Scholar
Venables, P. H. (1987). Autonomic nervous system factors in criminal behaviour. In The Causes of Crime (ed. Mednick, S. A., Moffitt, T. E. and Stack, S. A.), pp. 111136. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Venables, P. H. & Christie, M. J. (1980). Electrodermal activity. In Techniques in Psychophysiology (ed. Martin, I. and Venables, P. H.), pp. 367. Wiley: London.Google Scholar
Winer, B. J. (1971). Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. McGraw Hill: New York.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (1978). Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to the Classification in accordance with the 9th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar
Zahn, T. P. (1986). Psychophysiological approaches to psychopathology. In Psychophysiology: Systems, Processes and Applications (ed. Coles, M. G. H., Dondin, E. and Porges, S. W.), pp. 508610. Guilford Press: New York.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M. (1988). Sensation seeking and behaviour disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 502503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar