Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
Original articleMeasuring health-related quality of life in men with prostate cancer: A systematic review of the most used questionnaires and their validity
Introduction
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy in men, with an estimated incidence of 241,740 new cases in the United States in 2012 [1]. Prostate cancer treatments such as radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and hormonal treatment, have well-known side effects including incontinence, impotence, and hot flashes. These side effects can greatly influence the quality of life. With an ageing population and increased prostate cancer screening, the worldwide incidence of prostate cancer has doubled in the past 10 years [2], [3]. Despite this increased detection, the relative 5-year survival rate of all patients with prostate cancer increased from 68.3% to 99.9% during the past 25 years [1]. With increased survival and advancing treatment techniques (e.g., laparoscopic surgery and internal radiation therapy), functional results have become almost as important as oncological outcomes.
The subjectively perceived quality of life in patients with prostate cancer is often evaluated using health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) questionnaires. Over time, different disease-specific HRQoL instruments have been developed to measure prostate cancer burden, e.g., the Expanded Prostate Index Composite (EPIC), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaires (QLQs), and the University of California—Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA-PCI) [4], [5], [6]. These questionnaires are commonly used in clinical practice, particularly to discriminate between patient groups. They are also increasingly used as an outcome measure in clinical trials. The number of available health status questionnaires has increased tremendously over the past decades, thus the choice of a suitable questionnaire is becoming a major difficulty for many urologists and researchers in the field. Practical principles and algorithms have been developed to guide researchers through the process of selecting an instrument [7]. A part of the selection process is the appraisal of the psychometric properties of the different instruments.
Few review articles regarding measuring HRQoL in patients with prostate cancer have been published [8], [9]. A very recently published review by Rnic et al. [10] also reported on measuring the effect of prostate cancer treatments. Contrary to their article that focused on prostate cancer symptom scales, our study focuses on HRQoL instruments. Furthermore, we investigated other and additional psychometric properties in comparison with earlier studies. Finally, none of these studies investigated the frequency of use of these instruments in the literature. Therefore, we performed a systematic review regarding the most often used HRQoL instruments in prostate cancer and subsequently studied 8 psychometric properties of these instruments, which will help to identify which instruments should be used in future studies.
Section snippets
Search strategy
The biographical databases of PubMed and EMBASE were searched using the terms prostate cancer, treatment, quality of life, and synonyms, in the title or abstract. Refer to Appendix for the complete search strategy. The language was restricted to English, there were no restrictions regarding publication date and a reference and related article search was performed. The last search was performed on May 15, 2013. We imported all citations identified with the Medline and EMBASE search strategies
Results
We identified 13,812 unique hits with the search terms “prostate cancer,” “treatment,” and “quality of life,” and their synonyms. After screening titles and abstracts, 2,258 studies using 298 different questionnaires remained. After applying our inclusion criteria, 20 health-related quality-of-life questionnaires could be included (Fig.). We asked authors of 2 instruments for more information regarding the validation of their instruments, and both replied to this request. Table 2 provides an
Comment
In this systematic review, we identified and evaluated the 20 most used HRQoL questionnaires in studies on prostate cancer. The 3 most used questionnaires were the EPIC, UCLA-PCI, and SF-36. None of the 20 questionnaires demonstrated good results on all psychometric categories. Overall, the CARES-SF and the FACT-G received the best ratings regarding the psychometric properties.
To our knowledge, we are first to present an overview of all HRQoL questionnaires that are currently used in prostate
Conclusions
Considering the psychometric properties, we advise to use the SF-12 as a generic instrument, the CARES-SF or the FACT-G as cancer-specific instruments, and the UCLA-PCI, prostate cancer–specific questionnaire 94, or FACT-P as prostate cancer–specific instruments. However, the methodological quality of our most often used HRQoL instruments has to be studied more extensively.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Elsemieke Scheepers for reviewing the results as the second investigator and Alan Wright for editing the manuscript.
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