A discrete-time analysis of the effects of more prolonged exposure to neighborhood poverty on the risk of smoking initiation by age 25
Section snippets
Theoretical background
Research examining the health effects of neighborhood characteristics, particularly concentrated poverty and other forms of socioeconomic disadvantage, has surged in recent decades. Numerous studies have linked adverse residential conditions to premature death (Doubeni et al., 2012), poor self-rated health (Tomey et al., 2013, Yen and Kaplan, 1999), depression and other mental health problems (Ahern and Galea, 2011, Beard et al., 2009, Cutrona et al., 2006, Gapen et al., 2011), health-risk
Data and methods
Data for this study are drawn from the 1970 to 2011 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), produced and distributed by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research and funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation. The PSID is a large, longitudinal survey of US residents and their families conducted annually between 1968 and 1997 and every two years thereafter. The PSID has several strengths that make it particularly well-suited to
Sample characteristics
Table 1, Table 2 display descriptive statistics for the time-invariant and time-varying sample characteristics, respectively, among nonwhite and white respondents. As shown, there are considerable racial differences across most variables of interest. For example, nonwhite respondents – approximately 95 percent of whom are African American – are over six times as likely to be born to an unmarried mother, more than twice as likely to be low birthweight, and about three times as likely at age four
Discussion and conclusions
This study examined the effects of more prolonged exposure to neighborhoods characterized by varying levels of poverty on the risk of smoking initiation by age 25 utilizing the 1970 to 2011 waves of the PSID merged with census data on respondents' neighborhoods. Two primary conclusions emerge from this investigation. First, the overall risk of early smoking initiation is lower among nonwhite compared to white youth and young adults despite higher rates of exposure to adverse socioeconomic
Acknowledgments
This research was supported in part by a Shanahan Endowment Fellowship and a Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development training grant, T32 HD007543, to the Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology at the University of Washington. The data used in this study was collected with the support of the National Institutes of Health under grant number R01 HD069609 and the National Science Foundation under award number 1157698. The funders had no role in study
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2017, Health and PlaceCitation Excerpt :Thus, researchers have put forth considerable effort in accounting for residential mobility and neighborhood exposure (Kravitz-Wirtz, 2016; Lippert, 2016; Richardson et al., 2014). For example, Lippert (2016) and Kravitz-Wirtz (2016) employed classification schemes which measured the exposure to specific types of neighborhoods while also allowing mobility between types of neighborhoods. We suspect that just as the length of a neighborhood's exposure to poverty may influence its obesogenic properties, the length of an individual's exposure to an impoverished neighborhood may influence his/her probability of being obese.