Antipsychotic drug side effects for persons with intellectual disability
Section snippets
Measurement methods
A number of assessment scales have been designed to evaluate the psychotropic side effects for persons with ID or have been modified for use with this group. The primary measures are the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) (Guy, 1976), the Dyskinesia Identification System Condensed User Scale (DISCUS) (Bostrom and Walker, 1990, Granger et al., 1987Kalachnik and Sprague, 1993, Sprague et al., 1993), and the Matson Evaluation of the Drug Side Effects (MEDS) (Matson et al., 1998, Matson et
Tardive dyskinesia (TD)
The most frequently researched of the psychotropic drug side effects is TD. The disorder was first described and labeled by Uhrbrand and Faurbye (1960). It is a syndrome constituted by involuntary movements that are produced by long term use of antipsychotic drugs, and 20–40% of people are medicated with this drug class (Marsden & Jenner, 1980). Researchers and clinicians have historically been slow to recognize and treat these TD symptoms. For example, since the introduction of resperdine in
Conclusions
A number of papers have been published providing a rationale for the benefits of psychotropic medication use among persons with developmental disabilities (Santosh and Baird, 1999, Valdovinos, 2007). It has been asserted, and we concur that in most instances neuroleptics, the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medications for persons with ID, are prescribed for their sedative effects rather than for specific antipsychotic effects (Gualtieri & Hawk, 1980). Having noted that, it is
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