Measuring the impact of feeding covariates on health-related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder
Introduction
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been identified as a multi-dimensional concept in assessing the physical, social and psychological functions of health and general well-being, and refers to perceived physical or mental health over time (CDC, 2000, Cui et al., 2014). HRQoL measurements involve subjective perceptions of individuals on their objective conditions related to health outcomes such as psychological, social functioning, emotional and physical well-being (Leidy et al., 1999, WHOQOL Group, 1995).
There has been a significant increase in the utilization of HRQoL measurements (Limbers, Heffer, & Varni, 2009) due to a growing consensus that HRQoL measurements may improve an individual's health outcomes and the efficacy of healthcare services (Limbers et al., 2009, Matza et al., 2004, Varni et al., 2005). Although several studies have used HRQoL measurements to assess the health outcomes of children with both developmental and psychiatric disorders, as well as typically developing children, the HRQoL of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has received scant attention in the literature (Kamp-Becker et al., 2010, Kuhlthau et al., 2010, Lee et al., 2008). Studies on HRQoL showed a higher rate of dissatisfaction about HRQoL among children with ASD compared to typically developing children, or children with other types of disabilities (Cottenceau et al., 2012, Dey et al., 2012, Ikeda et al., 2014, Jennes-Coussens et al., 2006, Kamp-Becker et al., 2010, Khanna et al., 2014, Kuhlthau et al., 2010).
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as a new and more accurate term, is a single diagnostic category that encompasses four previously separate disorders (i.e. autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, or the catch-all diagnosis of a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified) (Huerta, Bishop, Duncan, Hus, & Lord, 2012). The diagnosis of ASD is based on deficits in social communication and social interaction as well as restricted repetitive behaviours, interests and activities (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2013). The dramatic rise in the diagnosis of ASD has constituted a source for increased knowledge and awareness about ASD (Jensen and Spannagel, 2011), or vice versa. Furthermore, there is an on-going discussion about whether some traits, including the feeding problems, are part of ASD diagnosis (Grzadzinski, Huerta, & Lord, 2013). In recent years, an increasing number of studies have examined the feeding covariates as comorbid symptomatology of individuals with ASD. Feeding covariates associated with a diagnosis of ASD might be evaluated within three topics: feeding problems (Fodstad and Matson, 2008, Ledford and Gast, 2006, Matson and Fodstad, 2009), mealtime problems (Kodak and Piazza, 2008, Lukens and Linscheid, 2008, Nadon et al., 2011, Provost et al., 2010), and feeding strategies/practices (Meral, in press, Seiverling et al., 2010). Although healthy feeding is one of the important indicators of paediatric health outcomes, the association between problematic feeding covariates experienced by children with ASD and HRQoL has not explicitly been examined.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the effects of feeding covariates on HRQoL in children with ASD. This study aims to measure the impact of feeding covariates on proxy-reported HRQoL in children with ASD. The research question is how children with ASD deal with feeding covariates, and which may have an impact on their HRQoL. Accordingly, the hypothesis of the current study was that feeding and mealtime problems are negatively linked with the HRQoL of children with ASD, while feeding strategies/practices are positively linked with the HRQoL of children with ASD. This is depicted with a hypothetical model in Fig. 1.
Section snippets
Participants and procedure
Three hundred and seventy-nine mothers, on behalf of their children with ASD, took part in the current study that was conducted based upon parental proxy-reports. Data were collected from participants in accordance with their consent by mail survey (Dillman, Smyth, & Christian, 2009). The participants were composed of a convenience sample of 379 children with ASD who were recruited from ten autistic children education centres, three private special education centres, and one early childhood
Results
The present study examined predictive relationships between feeding covariates and the HRQoL of children with ASD. Means and standard deviations of the study variables are provided in Table 2. The mean scores of variables under investigation indicated a moderate level of HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-SV: M = 76.52, SD = 13.55), feeding problems (STEP: M = 21.08, SD = 6.51), and parental feeding strategies/practices (FSQ: M = 82.65, SD = 13.34), whereas mealtime problems were at a lower level (BAMBI: M = 28.29, SD = 7.59).
Discussion
Although a small but growing body of research has addressed the HRQoL of children with ASD (Baghdadli et al., 2014, Kose et al., 2013), the HRQoL of children with ASD in relation to feeding covariates (i.e. feeding problems, mealtime problem, and feeding strategies/practices) has received relatively little attention. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between HRQoL and feeding covariates in children with ASD. The present findings suggest that an increase
Conclusion
With regard to all of the above-mentioned results, mealtime problems and feeding problems reduce HRQoL, whereas positive feeding strategies increase HRQoL in children with ASD. Feeding covariates explained approximately 10% of the total variance of HRQoL of children with ASD. Given the multidimensional structure of HRQoL, which include health outcomes as well as general well-being, feeding covariates, particularly mealtime behaviours, seem to be a remarkable component of HRQoL. Consequently,
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Science Fellowships and Grant Programmes Department (BIDEB) (2219 Postdoctoral Scholarships for Turkish Citizens). The authors appreciate the participation of the families and their children with ASD in this research.
References (52)
- et al.
Health-related quality of life and its determinants among adults with autism
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
(2014) - et al.
Assessment and behavioral treatment of feeding and sleeping disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders
Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
(2008) - et al.
Health related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorders: The clinical and demographic related factors in Turkey
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
(2013) - et al.
Recommendations for evaluation the validity of quality of life claims for labeling and promotion
Value in Health
(1999) - et al.
The treatment of food selectivity and other feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
(2009) - et al.
Identifying feeding problems in mentally retarded persons: Development and reliability of the screening tool of feeding problems (STEP)
Research in Developmental Disabilities
(2001) - et al.
Assessment of health-related quality of life in children: A review of conceptual, methodological, and regulatory issues
Value in Health
(2004) - et al.
A study on Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of the Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory (BAMBI)
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
(2014) - et al.
Psychometric properties of the screening tool of feeding problems (STEP) in Turkish children with ASD
Research in Developmental Disabilities
(2014) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(2000)