Original ArticleSelf-Efficacy, Pain-Related Fear, and Disability in a Heterogeneous Pain Sample
Section snippets
Participants
Sixty-eight participants between 18 and 75 years of age, self-identified as experiencing chronic pain, were recruited from the general public. Chronic pain was defined as having current pain that had been experienced for ≥3 of the past 6 months before the completion of the survey. Eighty-six percent of participants indicated that they were taking some form of pain-relief treatment, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (27%), paracetamol (15%), opioid analgesics (10%), unspecified
Missing Values Analysis
Preliminary data screening was performed to assess the suitability of the data for further analysis. The data set was initially examined for incidence of missing values. Six cases (8.82%) were found to have missing data of two or fewer items, which were missing completely at random (Little test) (Little, 1988; Rubin, Witkewitz, & St. Andre, 2007). Missing values for the six cases were replaced using an expectation maximization algorithm. This procedure estimates missing values at the variable
Discussion
In a heterogeneous chronic pain sample, results supported our first two hypotheses predicting associations between variables consistent with the FA model established by Woby, Urmston, et al. (2007) for participants with CLBP. First, higher SE was associated with: 1) less catastrophizing, fear of movement, avoidance of pain, and PRF; and 2) less pain severity, disability, and depression. Second, higher catastrophizing, fear of movement, avoidance of pain, and PRF were associated with higher pain
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