Emotional intelligence and life satisfaction in Chinese university students: The mediating role of self-esteem and social support
Highlights
► The study showed EI predicted life satisfaction. ► Social support mediated EI and life satisfaction. ► Self-esteem mediated EI and life satisfaction. ► The link between social support and life satisfaction was stronger for males than females.
Introduction
In the past ten years, emotional intelligence (EI) has received much attention in the psychological literature and beyond (e.g., Petrides et al., 2007, Saklofske et al., 2003). There are two different conceptualizations of EI – i.e., trait EI and ability EI – in the research literature. Trait EI has been conceptualized as a constellation of emotion-related self-perceptions which locates at the lower-levels of personality hierarchies (as measured through self-report measures) (Petrides et al., 2007). Ability EI has been defined as a cognitive ability which concerns one’s actual ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions in the self and others (as measured through maximum performance tests). Previous studies found very low correlations between these two measures (e.g., Gohm, Corser, & Dalsky, 2005), indicating that trait EI and ability EI are two distinctive constructs. The present study focused on trait EI and used a self-report questionnaire to assess the construct.
Life satisfaction, which reflects an individual’s evaluation of his or her life as a whole (Diener & Diener, 1995), is one of the most examined variables which are associated with trait EI. Individuals with higher emotional abilities are thought to possess a greater capacity to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions in the self and others which facilitates a greater sense of subjective well-being (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). A substantial body of research provides evidence for the incremental validity of trait EI as a predictor of life satisfaction; most noteworthy are those that control for covariates such as demographic characteristics, the “Big-Five” personality, trait affectivity, or social support (e.g., Extremera and Fernández-Berrocal, 2005, Gallagher and Vella-Brodrick, 2008, Kong et al., 2012, Kong and Zhao, 2012, Palmer et al., 2002, Saklofske et al., 2003).
Although the research literature is clear that trait EI is associated with life satisfaction, far less is known about the mechanisms or processes underlying this relationship. What potential mediating variables can account for the association between trait EI and life satisfaction? Although some ideas have been put forward in the research literature (Salovey et al., 2000, Zeidner et al., 2012), not much research has tested this key question empirically.
A likely candidate to mediate the association between trait EI and life satisfaction is social support. Some theorists have asserted that emotional abilities contribute to acquire social skills, and thus to enhance both quality of relationships and the availability of social support, which in turn lead to a richer sense of subjective well-being (Salovey et al., 2000). Some evidence supports the hypothesis. For instance, people with high trait EI are likely to perceive greater social support (e.g., Gallagher and Vella-Brodrick, 2008, Montes-Berges and Augusto, 2007). In addition, research has shown that people who perceive much social support from others report greater life satisfaction (e.g., Gallagher and Vella-Brodrick, 2008, Kong and You, 2011, Montes-Berges and Augusto, 2007). Recently, some researchers have verified the hypothesis. They found that social support acted as a partial mediator of the relationship between trait EI and life satisfaction (Kong et al., 2012).
In a similar way, self-esteem might be hypothesized to mediate the association between EI and life satisfaction. Self-esteem refers to an individual’s general sense of his or her value or worth (Mäkikangas & Kinnunen, 2003). On the one hand, self-esteem has been found to be associated with life satisfaction, and it is one of the most examined predictor variables of life satisfaction besides demographic characteristics, social relationships, and personality (Kong and You, 2011, Zhang and Leung, 2002). On the other hand, those with high trait EI scores have a propensity to perceive a greater sense of his or her value or worth (i.e., higher self-esteem) (Ciarrochi et al., 2001, Ciarrochi et al., 2000, Dong et al., 2008). Thus, trait EI is likely to be associated with greater life satisfaction by means of the greater sense of self-esteem.
The purpose of this study is to examine the concurrent mediating effects of social support and self-esteem between trait EI and life satisfaction through the structural equation modeling (SEM). Considering the studies which have shown the relationships of EI with life satisfaction (Extremera and Fernández-Berrocal, 2005, Gallagher and Vella-Brodrick, 2008, Palmer et al., 2002, Saklofske et al., 2003), social support (e.g., Gallagher and Vella-Brodrick, 2008, Mikolajczak et al., 2007, Montes-Berges and Augusto, 2007), and self-esteem (e.g., Ciarrochi et al., 2000, Ciarrochi et al., 2001, Dong et al., 2008), it was predicted in this study that social support and self-esteem might play a mediating role in the trait EI-life satisfaction relationship. On the other hand, an important limitation in the EI literature is that the majority of the studies were conducted within Western countries. Testing these findings in an Asian culture would provide meaningful evidence for the external validity.
In summary, the present study tested the mediating effects of social support and self-esteem on the trait EI- life satisfaction relationship in a sample of Chinese university students. Based on the previous studies, we proposed two possible hypotheses: (1) EI significantly predicted life satisfaction. (2) Social support and self-esteem mediated the association between trait EI and life satisfaction.
Section snippets
Participants
Four hundred and eighty-nine undergraduates from mainland China volunteered to take part in the study (mean age = 20.81 years, standard deviation = 1.23 years, age range = 18–23 years). In the sample, 281 were females and 208 were males.
Emotional intelligence
Self-perceived emotional competency was assessed by a Chinese version of the self-report Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS, Wong & Law, 2002), which consists of 16 brief statements. The scale includes four dimensions: Regulation of Emotion (ROE), Self Emotion
Measurement model
The measurement model consisted of four latent factors (trait EI, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction) and 11 observed variables. An initial test of the measurement model revealed a very satisfactory fit to the data: χ2 (38, N = 489) = 90.45, p < .001; RMSEA = .053; SRMR = .038; and CFI = .98. All the factor loadings for the indicators on the latent variables were significant (p < .001), indicating that all the latent factors were well represented by their respective indicators. In addition,
Discussion
The present study was designed to investigate the crucial role of social support and self-esteem in the association between EI and life satisfaction in a sample of Chinese university students. Correlational analyses showed that trait EI was positively related to life satisfaction. These results are consistent with earlier studies that reported the link between trait EI and life satisfaction (Gallagher and Vella-Brodrick, 2008, Palmer et al., 2002, Saklofske et al., 2003, Schutte and Malouff,
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