Time-course of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure
Introduction
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that is increasing in incidence worldwide. It results in high morbidity and mortality, and a lower five year survival rate than many common forms of cancer such as breast and prostate cancer [1]. Major depression and depressive symptoms are common in patients with HF and significantly more frequent compared to an age and gender matched population [2]. It is estimated that 16%–38 % of patients with HF have depressive symptoms, depending on the type of assessment diagnostic instruments used [3]. The presence of depressive symptoms, even in the absence of a confirmed diagnosis of major depressive disorder, increases the risk of non-compliance [4], [5], delay in seeking hospital care [6], higher usage of health care resources and clinical events [7], [8]. In addition, the presence of depression may also affect the impact of disease management programs, as these interventions may not be as effective in depressed patients [9].
Despite these adverse outcomes of depression in HF patients, only a few trials have been published that address treatment and the results are inconclusive [10], [11]. In the large scaled SADHART-CHF study (n = 469), treatment with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) was not favourable compared to placebo regarding reductions in depressive symptoms as well as in long-term follow-up end points [10]. In a small pilot study (n = 36), however, SSRI improved depressive symptoms and general health perceptions, compared with placebo [11].
Others have shown that changes in depressive symptoms are associated to poorer outcomes. In patients with HF (n = 147) an increase in Beck Depression Inventory score (BDI) from baseline to 1-year follow-up was associated with an increased number of cardiovascular hospitalisations and deaths over a median of 5 years follow-up from baseline [12]. Blumenthal and colleagues, in their study of effects of exercise training on depressive symptoms, had the same experience and reported that a decrease in BDI score between baseline and 3-month follow-up was associated with an increased number of hospitalisations and deaths [13]. However these studies did not report on the proportions of patients whose depression remitted, or those that, stayed depressed or developed depression. From the ENRICHD study (a study in post MI patients), it is known that a large proportion of depressed patients remit spontaneously, without any structured intervention [14]. The same experience has been reported in HF patients [15], [16]. In the study of Fulop and colleagues, patients with depressive symptoms at 24 weeks (persistent or recently developed) also used significantly more health care resources compared to those without depressive symptoms [15]. In the study of Dekker and colleagues, patients with persistent or incident depressive symptoms at 3 or 6 months had the worst health-related quality of life [16]. With the exception of these two studies [15], [16] it is today unclear how depressive symptoms in HF patients develop over time and how this trajectory of depressive symptoms is associated with hospital admission and prognosis. Such information could help in the interpretation of the effect of depressive symptoms on clinical events and might also guide optimal timing of assessment for depressive symptoms in HF.
The purpose of this study was to describe the time-course of depressive symptoms in patients with HF during 18 months following hospitalisation due to HF and determine its relationship with the hospital admission rate and mortality. A second purpose was to compare the prognostic information of depressive symptoms assessed 18 months after hospital discharge.
Section snippets
Study design
Data was collected in the COACH (Coordinating study evaluating Outcomes of Advising and Counselling in Heart failure) study and additional long-term follow-up data was collected. COACH was a multi-centre, randomised trial designed to compare basic and intensive support to standard treatment in patients with HF. The methodology, main results and baseline depression data of the trial have been published previously [17], [18], [19]. In summary, patients were recruited during a period of 28 months
Study sample
A total of 1023 patients with HF were enrolled in the COACH study and 958 and 649 patients completed the CES-D at baseline and after 18 months respectively. Analyses were performed on the 611 patients with a complete CES-D score at baseline as well as at 18-month follow-up. The main reason for missing CES-D data at the 18-month follow-up was mortality (n = 271). Those who did not complete the CES-D at follow-up (n = 412) were significantly older, had more comorbidity, and a higher mean baseline
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to investigate the time-course of depressive symptoms in HF patients and the relationship with hospitalisation and mortality. It was found that 61% of patients with depressive symptoms had recovered 18 months after hospitalisation, whereas 19% of those without depressive symptoms had developed depressive symptoms. Increase in depressive symptoms from hospitalisation to 18 months follow-up provided prognostic information. Patients with recently
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