Original articleCigarette Smoking Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Section snippets
Subjects
The subjects were derived from 2 previous longitudinal case-control family studies of ADHD.16, 17 A 3-stage ascertainment procedure was used to select subjects: referral, telephone screening, and structured interview.18 Because this study had started before publication of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), our baseline assessment used DSM third edition revised (DSM-IIIR)-based structured interviews, supplemented
Results
We assessed a total of 341 subjects and obtained mFTQ data from 80 ADHD probands and 86 control probands between age 15 and 25 years. There were no significant differences between ADHD and control subjects in terms of age (19.3 ± 2.7 vs 19.2 ± 2.8 years; P = .73), SES status (2.0 ± 1.2 vs 1.7 ± 0.8; P = .27), or sex ratio (43% males vs 38% males; P = .59). The ADHD cohort comprised 70 (out of 80) subjects who reported receiving pharmacotherapy for ADHD in their lifetime (duration, 8.6 ± 4.1
Discussion
Our findings support our hypotheses and replicate previous work demonstrating that ADHD is a risk factor for earlier onset and higher rates of cigarette smoking. Our data extend previous findings by illustrating an association between ADHD and more severe cigarette smoking. We also found important relationships among ADHD symptoms, environmental factors, and the risk for smoking.
These findings support our hypotheses and replicate previous work demonstrating that ADHD is a major risk factor for
References (33)
- et al.
Is cigarette smoking a gateway drug to subsequent alcohol and illicit drug use disorders?A controlled study of youths with and without ADHD
Biol Psychiatry
(2006) - et al.
ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1997) - et al.
Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms with levels of cigarette smoking in a community sample of adolescents
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(2002) - et al.
Cigarette smoking and psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(2002) - et al.
Clinical correlates of ADHD in females: findings from a large group of girls ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric referral sources
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1999) - et al.
Clinical correlates of ADHD in females: findings from a large group of girls ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric referral sources
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1999) - et al.
Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: results from a four-year prospective follow-up study
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1996) Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment
Addict Behav
(1978)- et al.
Childhood hyperactivity-inattention symptoms and smoking in adolescence
Drug Alcohol Depend
(2005) - et al.
Personality differences related to smoking and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
J Subst Abuse
(1996)
Psychopathology in females with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled, five-year prospective study
Biol Psychiatry
Neuronal nicotinic receptor agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: focus on cognition
Biochem Pharmacol
Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate as measured by single-photon emission computed tomography
Neurosci Lett
Maternal smoking and hyperactivity in 8-year-old children
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
Is cigarette smoking a gateway drug to subsequent alcohol and illicit drug use disorders?A controlled study of youths with and without ADHD
Biol Psychiatry
Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 1994
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
Cited by (91)
Early developmental risks for tobacco addiction: A probabilistic epigenesis framework
2024, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsRole of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gaming
2020, European NeuropsychopharmacologyDevelopment of a Personalized Tobacco Cessation Intervention Package (PTCIP) for Persons with Schizophrenia in India
2023, Indian Journal of Psychological MedicineAdolescent smoking patterns: Associations with sociodemographic factors, cyberbullying, and psychiatric diagnoses in an outpatient clinical sample
2023, Journal of Ethnicity in Substance AbuseA phenome-wide association study of polygenic scores for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across two genetic ancestries in electronic health record data
2022, American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
Supported in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (grants R01 DA14419, DA016264, and 5U10DA015831).
Potential conflict of interest information is available at www.jpeds.com.