Research – Basic Empirical ResearchBaseline eating disorder severity predicts response to an acceptance and commitment therapy-based group treatment
Introduction
Eating disorders, particularly among adult patients with a long course of illness, are exceptionally difficult to treat. Patients presenting for admission to inpatient treatment centers frequently have a long course of illness, are more symptomatic (compared to patients presenting for outpatient treatment), and have previously been hospitalized (Vrabel, Rosenvinge, Hoffart, Martinsen, & Rø, 2008), all of which predict poor treatment outcome (Vandereycken, 2003). More than half of patients still meet criteria for an eating disorder up to 5 years following discharge from a residential treatment facility (Rø et al., 2004, Vrabel et al., 2008) and nearly half have another hospitalization during that same follow-up period (Vrabel et al., 2008).
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), particularly versions specific to eating disorder symptomatology, is the current treatment of choice for eating disorders. Among patients with bulimia nervosa (BN), CBT-BN (a targeted CBT treatment for BN) and CBT-E (an “enhanced” CBT for eating disorders which builds on CBT-BN by including optional modules for hypothesized maintenance factors such as perfectionism, low self-esteem, and interpersonal deficits) both produce large reductions in binge eating, purging, and other compensatory behaviors (Fairburn et al., 2009, Fairburn, 2008, Treasure et al., 1994) that tend to be well maintained over time (Waller et al., 1996). Despite this, a large subset (30–50%) of patients remains symptomatic following treatment (Fairburn, 2008, Wilson, 2005). In the case of anorexia nervosa (AN), Family Based Therapy (FBT) is effective for adolescences with a relatively short duration of illness, but an effective treatment remains to be seen for adults (Lock, 2011; Fisher, Hetrick, & Rushford, 2010). Brief manualized CBT appears to have little efficacy for AN (McIntosh et al., 2005, Wilson et al., 2007); CBT-E appears to be only moderately more successful (Fairburn et al., 2009). In two recent studies of CBT-E, only 60% of underweight patients agreed to engage in treatment and, of those, 50–60% showed a response to treatment (Bryne et al., 2011, Fairburn et al., 2009).
Identifying patients who are likely to benefit from specific treatments can allow clinicians to choose the treatment approach most likely to be effective. Only recently has the field begun to examine how patients with more severe eating pathology may respond differentially to treatment. Grilo, Masheb, and Crosby (2012) reported that among patients with binge eating disorder (BED), those with low self-esteem, negative effect, and overvaluation of shape and weight at baseline improved more in CBT compared to medication (Grilo et al., 2012). However when examining CBT alone, Castellini et al. (2012) found that patients with BED who had a lower frequency of binging, lower impulsivity, and greater emotional stability improved more with CBT than patients with more severe pathology. Butryn et al. (2006) found that patients with BN who have greater weight suppression (difference between premorbid and pretreatment weight) showed poorer post-treatment outcomes. Other studies have found that baseline symptomatology, course of illness, prior hospitalizations, and weight at baseline put patients at high risk for treatment failure from existing treatment approaches (Vandereycken, 2003, Vrabel et al., 2008). Much of the evidence suggests that CBT is most effective for patients with less severe eating pathology. Overall, although CBT has been shown to result in statistically significant reductions in eating pathology for some, there remains much room for improvement, particularly for patients with more severe pathology.
A growing body of research indicates that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may be an effective treatment option for patients with eating disorders. Several pilot studies of acceptance-based therapies such as dialectical behavioral therapy (Safer, Telch, & Chen, 2009), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (Kristeller, Baer, & Quillian-Wolever, 2006), and functional contextual treatment (Anderson & Simmons, 2008) have demonstrated initial success in treating BED and BN. Similarly, a series of case reports have indicated that patients with treatment-resistant AN may benefit from ACT (Berman, Boutelle, & Crow, 2009). Though few, the studies conducted on ACT for eating disorders have been promising (Berman et al., 2009, Heffner and Eifert, 2004, Juarascio et al., 2010; Juarascio et al., 2013; Timko, Zucker, & Merwin, 2012).
ACT may particularly benefit those patients with more severe eating pathology. Given the ego-syntonic nature of eating disorder pathology, many patients, particularly those who are more severe, are reluctant to engage in treatment (Fairburn, 2008, Schmidt and Treasure, 2006). Eating disorders are characterized by high experiential avoidance (Cockell et al., 2002, Keyser et al., 2009, Mizes and Arbitell, 1991, Orsillo and Batten, 2002), and the degree of experiential avoidance is cross-sectionally related to eating disorder symptom severity (Butryn et al., 2012). Cognitive rigidity, frequently seen in more severe cases of AN, has also been shown to be related to severity of disordered eating behaviors (Masuda, Price, Anderson, & Wendell, 2010). The focus on increasing psychological flexibility during an ACT-based treatment may help to decrease this rigidity, thereby allowing patients a greater ability to engage in values-based behavior change. Overall, there is a strong theoretical link between ACT-based treatment and eating disorders, particularly in more severe and treatment refractory cases. However, no studies have examined the moderating effect of eating disorder symptom severity on acceptance-based treatment outcomes.
Section snippets
Current study
The current study utilized data from a recently published report that investigated treatment-as-usual (TAU) compared to TAU+ACT for eating disorders at an adult residential facility (Juarascio et al., 2013). Patients at this facility tended to be in the more severe range of eating pathology, although the degree of severity varied widely in terms of length of illness, severity of disordered eating behaviors, and weight at admission. Prior research has found that most patients undergoing TAU at
Participants
The study took place at a residential treatment facility for women with eating disorders in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States (The Renfrew Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). All participants had a diagnosis of AN, BN, or eating disorder not otherwise specified in the AN or BN spectrum, based on the criteria from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002). There were no other exclusion criteria, and patients with co-morbid
Results
Hypothesis 1 Severity would moderate the effect of treatment condition, such that the advantage of ACT+TAU will be more pronounced among those with greater eating pathology.
A regression analysis was conducted using EDE global score at baseline, condition, and the interaction between condition and baseline EDE global scores (centered at a mean of 4.39) as the IVs and EDE global score at post-treatment as the DV. All terms were entered simultaneously. Results revealed a significant effect of baseline EDE
Discussion
The aim of this study was to test whether patients with more severe symptomatology at pre-treatment experienced greater improvements in eating disordered behavior when receiving an ACT-based treatment plus treatment-as-usual than treatment-as-usual alone in a residential eating disorder treatment facility. Consistent with hypotheses, participants with higher baseline pathology trended towards experiencing less severe symptoms at post-treatment in the ACT+TAU condition compared to those
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