Original articleBuilding Conditions, 5-HTTLPR Genotype, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Males and Females
Section snippets
Sample
Data for our analysis come from the wave I in-home subsample (N = 20,745) of respondents from Add Health. Add Health is a nationally representative, school-based sample of U.S. adolescents initially sampled in 1994–1995 and in three subsequent follow-up waves. DNA samples were collected from a subsample of siblings (n = 2,574) participating in the in-home questionnaire in 2002 as a part of wave III. The in-home and genetic data are part of the restricted use/contractual Add Health dataset [28]
Respondent-level building conditions
Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics and unadjusted associations for the individual-, family-, and building-level predictors included in our final model based on respondents' building condition. The average age in both our male (n = 510) and female (n = 574) samples was approximately 16 years (range: 12–19 years, males; 12–20 years, females). The average DSS was significantly higher in female (11.1) than in male (9.4) adolescents (p < .0001). The male and female analytical samples did
Discussion
Our work sought to assess the combined and interacting effects of environmental and genetic features on adolescent depression at multiple levels, controlling for several factors previously associated with depression in this population. Respondent-level building analyses provided evidence for increased DSS among adolescent males and females residing in buildings with relatively poor upkeep in unadjusted, but not adjusted, results. In addition, these analyses provided some evidence for genetic
Acknowledgments
This research uses data from Add Health, a program project directed by Kathleen Mullan Harris and designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and funded by grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations. Special acknowledgment is due Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to
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