Research reportThe Brief-HAPPI: A questionnaire to assess cognitions that distinguish between individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and non-clinical controls
Section snippets
Frontsheet
The first page of the questionnaire asked participants to answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to whether they had ever received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (manic depression) and whether they had ever had clinical depression. They were asked to provide their age, gender and level of education.
Internal state scale
This is a self-report questionnaire intended to assess manic and depressive symptoms. It has 15 items which contribute to four subscales Activation (ISS-A), Well-Being (ISS-WB), Perceived Conflict (ISS-PC) and
Internal state scale (ISS)
Table 1 shows the group differences on the four subscales of the ISS. The bipolar group showed higher levels of Depression, and lower levels of Activation and Well-Being than the controls.
Brief-HAPPI and its subscales
The Cronbach alphas, means, standard deviations and t-values for the Brief-HAPPI subscales are displayed in Table 1. The mean total and the forward subscales of the Brief-HAPPI showed good internal validity as assessed by Cronbach's alpha. The reverse items were less internally consistent, possibly because
Discussion
This study has supported the validity of the HAPPI using a brief version of the scale that included reverse and filler items. As predicted the bipolar group scored higher on the total mean score and the mean of the forward items, lower on the reverse items, and no different from the controls on the filler items. This effect was maintained even when controlling for group differences in symptoms as assessed by the ISS. The bipolar group actually showed lower levels of Activation than the control
Acknowledgements
Thank you to Fiona Lobban, Jean Wit, and MDF The Bipolar Organization for their help with recruitment.
References (12)
- et al.
Appraisal of Hypomania Relevant Experiences: Development of a Questionnaire to Assess Positive Self Dispositional Appraisals in Bipolar and Behavioural High Risk Samples. Journal of Affective Disorders
Journal of Affective Disorders
(2006) - et al.
The nature and treatment of bipolar depression: implications for psychological investigation
Clinical Psychology Review
(2005) - et al.
Independent assessment of manic and depressive symptoms by self-rating. Scale characteristics and implications for the study of mania
Archives of General Psychiatry
(1991) - et al.
Misinterpretations of body sensations in panic disorder
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
(1997) - et al.
The post-traumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): development and validation
Psychological Assessment
(1999) - et al.
Cognitive Behavioural Processes Across Psychological Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Research and Treatment
(2004)
Cited by (56)
Understanding bipolar disorder within a biopsychosocial emotion dysregulation framework
2020, Journal of Affective Disorders ReportsEarly maladaptive schemas and suicidal risk in inpatients with bipolar disorder
2019, Psychiatry ResearchCitation Excerpt :Grandiose behaviors are a main characteristic of BD patients (Smith et al., 2017), especially in mania phase. The content of the entitlement/grandiosity schema is similar to the aspects of the hypomanic attitudes defined by Mansell and Jones (2006). So, regardless of the content of the entitlement schema, the relation of this schema to suicidal risk may in fact be due to grandiose behaviors related to BD.
A novel task for examining the neural basis of Theory of Mind deficits in bipolar disorder
2018, Psychiatry Research - NeuroimagingCitation Excerpt :The DAS has good internal consistency with alphas ranging from 0.84 to 0.92 and stability has been shown via test-retest correlations (Corcoran and Fischer, 1987). The BHAPPI is a 30-item questionnaire that assess dysfunctional beliefs specifically in relation to characteristics of bipolar disorder, e.g., irritability, paranoia and worry as well as positive self-relevant appraisals and increased goal directed behavior (Mansell and Jones, 2006). Participants rate their beliefs on a scale from 0% (‘Do not believe this at all’) to 100% (‘Believe this completely’).
Positive beliefs about mental illness: Associations with sex, age, diagnosis, and clinical outcomes
2016, Journal of Affective DisordersCitation Excerpt :Existing research on this topic has primarily focused on individuals with bipolar disorder, due to the unique inclusion of positive emotions in this symptom profile. Evidence suggests that individuals with bipolar disorder choose more positive interpretations for hypothetical hypomanic symptoms than nonclinical control groups (Jones et al., 2006; Mansell and Jones, 2006) or individuals with unipolar depression (e.g., thinking that racing thoughts are due to being full of good ideas, rather than having too many demands on one's time) (Alatiq et al., 2010; Jamison et al., 1980). In addition to bipolar disorder, Van Kirk (2014) found that perceiving positive consequences for symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder predicted lower levels of motivation for treatment.
A preliminary study of group therapy intervention for bipolar disorder based on the integrative cognitive model
2020, Cognitive Behaviour Therapist