Brief reportVerbal memory performance of mildly to moderately depressed outpatient younger adults
Introduction
Depression is associated with impairment of cognitive functions including attention, memory, psychomotor speed, and executive functions (Austin et al., 2001, Stordal et al., 2004, Biringer et al., 2005). However, the study of these relationships has to a large degree been based on relatively small sized patients samples that have been either inpatients (Austin et al., 1992), medicated, included psychotic individuals (Fossati et al., 1999, Fossati et al., 2004) and/or patients of relatively old age (Fossati et al., 2002). The few studies on young adults show inconsistent and contradictory findings (Grant et al., 2001). Some studies have suggested that recurrent depression is associated with increased memory dysfunction relative to individuals experiencing their first episode of depression (Basso and Bornstein, 1999, McQueen et al., 2002).
Different from most previous studies, we have investigated relationships between mild to moderate depression and verbal memory functioning in a relatively large sample of young, non-psychotic, mainly non-medicated outpatients. Three questions were addressed: (1) Do young mildly to moderately depressed non-medicated outpatients show impaired verbal memory? (2) Do formerly depressed individuals who are no more depressed show impaired verbal memory as compared to normal controls who have never been depressed? (3) Are there differences between first-episode depressed individuals and individuals with recurrent depression?
Section snippets
Material and methods
The subjects were undergraduate students at the University of Tromsø, and patients consulting their general practitioner, also in Tromsø, Norway. The subjects were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The sample consisted of 57 clinically depressed (CD), 42 previously depressed (PD) and 46 never depressed (ND) individuals. Subjects with bipolar or dysthymic disorder were excluded from the study, i.e. only CDs
Results
To examine whether the three groups of participants differed with respect to the six categories of variables of the CVLT, separate multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were performed with group as the between-group factor within each set of test measures. The analyses yielded no significant effect of group on the learning and memory measures (Table 2). Likewise, separate MANOVAs were also performed when excluding the subjects using antidepressant and neuroleptic, but no significant group
Discussion
The results show that young depressed adults exhibit no verbal memory deficits compared to non-depressed controls. Also, no difference in verbal memory was obtained between former-depressed individuals compared to normal controls, and no difference was obtained between first-episode depressed individuals and individuals with recurrent depression. Together, these findings indicate that major depression in young adults, independently of one or more depressive episodes, does not cause significant
Acknowledgements
The project has been financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council, the Norwegian Foundation for Health and Rehabilitation, the Norwegian Council for Mental Health, and the Psychiatric Research Centre of Northern-Norway.
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