Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
New ResearchSeparating the Domains of Oppositional Behavior: Comparing Latent Models of the Conners’ Oppositional Subscale
Section snippets
Method
This study proceeded in three steps. First, latent class analysis was performed within each age group, and heritability was estimated. Next, the across-age stability of these classes was tested by comparing across ages 7 to 10 years and 10 to 12 years. Third, a comparison of concurrent validity was performed within each age group. This can be seen graphically in Figure 1.
Results
The LCA identified an optimal solution of four classes across age groups co-varying for sex (FIGURE 2, FIGURE 3, FIGURE 4). The best model that controlled for twin dependence did not include sex as a covariate, and included direct effects (except age 10) to account for significant bivariate residuals. Distributions of the groups are shown in Table 2.
The across-twin intraclass correlations and estimated heritabilities are provided in Table 3. On the whole, twin correlations within a particular
Discussion
The current findings indicate four distinct latent classes of ODB. As expected, the majority of children had low or no symptom endorsement. This should be expected in a general population sample of children. Furthermore, consistent with the literature, which suggest a decrease in ODD diagnoses at 3-year follow-up,1, 13 approximately 75% of children were in the low symptom class by age 12, compared with 69% at both age 7 and 10. The level of either irritability or defiance was the distinguishing
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Supplemental material cited in this article is available online.
This article was reviewed under and accepted by ad hoc editor, Daniel S. Pine, M.D.
Drs. Kuny and Althoff contributed equally to this article.
Drs. Kuny, Althoff, Baer and Hudziak are with the Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families at the University of Vermont. Dr. Kuny is also with the New Mexico Veterans Administration Hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Dr. Baer is also with the Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Dr. Copeland is with Duke University. Drs. Bartel, Van Beijsterveldt, and Hudziak are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Dr. Hudziak is also with Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grants MH082116 and MH58799, and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research grants 575-25-006, 575-25-012, and 904-57-94.
The authors thank Dorret Boomsma of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands, for allowing the use of Netherlands Twin Registry data.
Disclosure: Dr. Althoff has received grant or research support from NIMH and the Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation. Dr. Copeland has received grant or research support from NIMH and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. Dr. Bartels has received funding from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK). Dr. Hudziak has received funding from NIMH and NIDDK. His primary appointment is with the University of Vermont. He has additional appointments with Erasmus University in Rotterdam, Vrije University in Amsterdam, Dartmouth Medical School in Hanover, New Hampshire, and the Avera Institute of Human Behavioral Genetics in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Drs. Van Beijesterveldt, Kuny, and Baer report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.