Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-hgkh8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T15:01:24.732Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A systematic review on sleep alterations anticipating the onset of bipolar disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 February 2019

C. Pancheri
Affiliation:
aDepartment of Neurology and Psychiatry, Policlinico Umberto I, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy bBipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona,IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM170 Villarroel st, 12-0, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
N. Verdolini
Affiliation:
bBipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona,IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM170 Villarroel st, 12-0, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain cDivision of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Italy
I. Pacchiarotti
Affiliation:
bBipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona,IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM170 Villarroel st, 12-0, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
L. Samalin
Affiliation:
dCHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA7280, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
R. Delle Chiaie
Affiliation:
aDepartment of Neurology and Psychiatry, Policlinico Umberto I, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
M. Biondi
Affiliation:
aDepartment of Neurology and Psychiatry, Policlinico Umberto I, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
A.F. Carvalho
Affiliation:
eDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada fCentre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, M6J 1H4, Canada
M. Valdes
Affiliation:
gDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology,Institute of Neuroscience,Hospital Clínic,University of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, Barcelona, Spain
P. Ritter
Affiliation:
hDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital,Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
E. Vieta*
Affiliation:
bBipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona,IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM170 Villarroel st, 12-0, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
A. Murru
Affiliation:
bBipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona,IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM170 Villarroel st, 12-0, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
*
*Corresponding author at: Bipolar Disorder Unit, IDIBAPS CIBERSAM, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, c/Villaroel 170, escalera 12 planta 0, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail address: evieta@clinic.ub.es (E. Vieta).

Abstract

Background:

Sleep alterations are frequent occurrence in Bipolar Disorder (BD), both in acute and interepisodic phases. Sleep alterations have been also described both long before BD onset, as aspecific risk syndromes, or as immediate prodromes of BD onset. The aim of the present study is to systematically review the relationship between sleep alterations anticipating for the full-blown onset of BD, both in general and according to specific polarities of onset.

Methods:

A systematic literature research according to PRISMA statement and considering: 1. prospective studies about BD patients’ offspring with sleep alterations who later developed BD. 2. prospective studies assessing patients with sleep disorders who later developed BD. 3. retrospective studies on BD patients where sleep alterations before BD onset of the disease were reported.

Results:

A total of 16 studies were included in this review. Sleep disturbances may frequently appear 1 year before the onset of BD or more, often during childhood or adolescence. A decreased need for sleep may precede the onset of the illness, specially a manic episode, while insomnia appears to anticipate either a manic or a depressive episode. Hypersomnia seems to precede bipolar depressive episodes.

Conclusions:

Sleep alterations frequently appear long before the onset of BD, and appear to be related specifically to the polarity of the index episode. The detection and treatment of sleep alterations in special high risk populations may help achieving an earlier detection of the illness.

Type
Review/Meta-Analyses
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2019

1. Introduction

Chronic and recurrent conditions such as bipolar disorder (BD) show improved short- and long-term outcome when early detection and treatment is provided [Reference Benarous, Consoli, Milhiet and Cohen1Reference Vieta, Berk, Schulze, Carvalho, Suppes and Calabrese3]. The identification of risk factors or prodromal symptoms may help defining at-risk stages before full-blown syndromic presentations with major clinical and treatment implications and, ideally allowing for early stage-specific, rather than disorder-specific, treatments [Reference Scott, Leboyer, Hickie, Berk, Kapczinski and Frank4, Reference Vieta, Salagre, Grande, Carvalho, Fernandes and Berk5].

Sleep abnormalities have been proposed as susceptibility markers in individuals at high risk of developing BD [Reference Ritter, Marx, Lewtschenko, Pfeiffer, Leopold and Bauer6, Reference Zanini, Castro, Cunha, Asevedo, Pan and Bittencourt7]. They are included as diagnostic criteria and almost invariably present during acute episodes [8]. Sleep abnormalities are frequently present as immediate or quasi-immediate prodromes of BD acute episodes [Reference Ng, Chung, FY-Y, Yeung, Yung and Lam9Reference Young and Dulcis13].

Circadian abnormalities and sleep symptoms represent a cardinal feature during acute manic and depressive episodes, potentially serving as trait biomarkers of BD [8]. BD patients suffer from enduring biological rhythm abnormalities, even during remission phases [Reference Milhiet, Boudebesse, Bellivier, Drouot, Henry and Leboyer10, Reference Pinho, Sehmbi, Cudney, Kauer-Sant’anna, Magalhães and Reinares14]. Correlations between several sleep and circadian phenotypes, and the development of BD were demonstrated, providing clues to new approaches for both preventing and treating BD [Reference Milhiet, Boudebesse, Bellivier, Drouot, Henry and Leboyer10, Reference Pagani, St Clair, Teshiba, Service, Fears and Araya15].

Sleep alterations, might also precede the onset of BD by presenting as risk syndromes, detectable before the full-blown mood disorder, or as prodromes immediately preceding the first acute mood episode. Both as risk factors or immediate prodromes, detectable sleep alterations before first- or following affective episodes sahre implications for clinical research and practice [Reference Geoffroy and Scott16], but also for early diagnosing [Reference Kapczinski, Magalhães, Balanzá-Martinez, Dias, Frangou and Gama17]. Moreover, the possibility of objective measures of sleep alterations outlines their potential role as biomarkers, helping to redefine BD beyond a classical clinical definition [Reference Alda and Kapczinski18, Reference Carvalho, Köhler, Fernandes, Quevedo, Miskowiak and Brunoni19].

In recent years, a systematic review focused on a possible link between the onset of sleep problems and the subsequent development of BD [Reference Ritter, Marx, Bauer, Leopold, Lepold and Pfennig20], but its results were somewhat hampered by a relative scarcity of studies reporting prospective results.

Considering the growing evidence on this topic in later years, our aim was to perform and updated systematic review on the evidence on the possible role of sleep alterations anticipating the onset of BD. Secondarily, the aim of this review is to investigate the possible relationship between specific sleep alterations according to the polarity of the BD acute affective onset.

2. Methods

The present review has been conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement [Reference Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman and PRISMA Group21]. Studies focused on sleep alterations preceding BD relapses/recurrences and studies including individuals at high risk for BD not meeting a standardized diagnosis were not considered in the present review.

2.1. Literature Review

A systematic search was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed/Index Medicus and the Cochrane Library, considering a time period ending on January 1st, 2018 A cross-check between references obtained was done. A further search in the site www.clinicaltrials.gov controlled for literature results and screened for eventually started, ongoing, or concluded but unpublished studies.

Studies included were: 1. Prospective studies on offspring of BD patients, later diagnosed with BD; 2. Prospective studies on patients with sleep problems developing BD; Retrospective studies on sleep problems in BD patients.

The full search strategy for the 3 types of studies included is presented in the S2.1 file

2.2. Eligibility criteria

Studies should report details on design, sample description, inclusion/exclusion criteria, defined aims, clear methodological procedures, clear outcome definitions or information about the diagnostic tools used for the assessments, and considering BD individuals diagnosed with DSM-IV-TR/DSM-IV/DSM-III [2224] or ICD-10/ICD-9/ICD-8 [25Reference World Health Organization27].

2.2.1. Inclusion criteria

Original peer-reviewed articles published in English language.

2.2.2. Specific inclusion criteria for the 3 types of studies included in the present review

Prospective studies on offspring of BD patients:

  1. 1. Cohort studies on high-risk individuals (i.e. offspring or unaffected first-degree relatives of individuals with BD, and had assessed sleep alterations with/without circadian alterations at baseline, and conversion to full-blown BD at follow-up.

Prospective studies on patients with sleep problems developing BD:

  1. 2. Cohort studies on individuals with sleep alterations with/without circadian alterations and psychopathology assessment at baseline, and the development of full-blown BD at follow-up.

Retrospective studies on BD patients:

  1. 3. Cohort studies on individuals with a diagnosis of BD or a first episode of psychosis later diagnosed with BD, studying sleep alterations with/without circadian alterations at baseline (working definitions for this condition vary, but studies in which a specific definition was included were considered for inclusion). Study sample size of at least 30 individuales. These studies should then report specific data on conversion to full-blown BD at follow-up.

Sleep alterations could be assessed via either questionnaire or through actigraphy or polysomnography or other specific sleep-related exams.

Results on sleep alterations in BD patients with depressive or psychotic onset were considered for inclusion when a further, subsequent conversion to a BD diagnosis was established with standard assessments.

2.2.3. Exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria were: 1. animal studies; 2. Studies including general or psychiatric populations not specifying the number of BD individuals; 3. Studies not specifying a standardized BD diagnosis (criteria DSM or ICD) at baseline and/or follow-up; 4. Studies with no specific sleep assessment; 5. Reviews or meta-analyses or studies with N < 10. 6. Studies focused on sleep alterations preceding BD relapses/recurrences. 7. Studies including individuals at high risk for BD who did not meet a standardized diagnosis.

2.3. Data collection process and items

Data were classified into three groups: 1. data of interest, 2. duplicated data, and 3. data of no interest, according to the previously described criteria. Studies concerning molecular and genetic aspects, as well as those assessing or comparing efficacy of medications, were not included.

After first exclusion, full studies were retrieved and examined. References were also reviewed to identify further possible studies of interest.

2.3.1. Data extraction

The titles and/or abstracts of studies were screened independently (CP and NV) to identify studies that potentially met the inclusion criteria outlined above. After elimination of duplicated sources, the full texts of these potentially eligible studies were retrieved and independently assessed for eligibility by CP and NV. Any disagreement over the eligibility of particular studies was resolved through consensus or, when agreement was not achieved, through discussion with AM. A standardized, excel form was used to extract data from the included studies for the assessment of study quality and for evidence synthesis. Where possible, time between first sleep symptoms and onset of BD was extracted and presented along with other results.

2.3.2. Methodological quality assessment

Two independent authors (CP and NV) evaluated the risk of bias for each domain described in the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) which was developed to assess the quality of non-randomized case-control and cohort studies with its design, content and ease of use directed to the task of incorporating the quality assessments in the interpretation of meta-analytic results [Reference Zeng, Zhang, Kwong, Zhang, Li and Sun28]. For cross-sectional studies, a previously adapted version of the NOS was used [Reference Herzog, Álvarez-Pasquin, Díaz, Del Barrio, Estrada and Gil29]. Discrepancies between the two raters were solved by consensus among three researchers (CP, NV, AM).

3. Results

3.1. Systematic search results

The whole search returned 17,886 papers. After duplicate removal, 14,572 papers were excluded on the basis of title or abstract because of no direct interest. The remaining 285 studies were examined and assessed for inclusion, of them 268 were excluded for different reasons (Shared causes: Studies without specific assessment points on sleep: 50; Studies without psychopathological items at baseline or specified diagnosis of BD: 70; Studies do not grant access data: 2; Studies with sample already included: 5. Specific causes (prospective and retrospective studies): No prospective studies, respectively: 99; No retrospective studies: 42). Finally, 17 studies were included in the present review (Fig. 1).

3.2. Contents results

3.2.1. BD offspring prospective studies

A total of 4 studies were included in this part of the review (Table 1).

The CARE (Children and Adolescent Research Evaluation) study is a prospective follow-up cohort on healthy Amish started in 1994, and aimed at detecting possible prodromal features for BD [Reference Egeland, Endicott, Hostetter, Allen, Pauls and Shaw30] After 16 years of follow-up, 9 children met full criteria for BD type I, 8 originally from the BD parent sample, 1 from the control sample. At the last follow-up 50% of children later diagnosed with BD presented decreased sleep as an antecedent.

Fig. 1. PRISMA flowchart of studies selection for the systematic review.

Table 1 Prospective studies of offspring with parents with Bipolar Disorder.

Notes. HR= High-risk offsprings; (h)M = Hypomania; CT = Cyclothymia; D = Depression; M = Mania; BD = bipolar disorder; BD-I = bipolar I disorder; BD-II = bipolar II disorder; SZA = bipolar disorder not otherwise specified; * = Data specified but not calculated in the original study; ** = Data specified and calculated in the original study; NS = Not specified; CARE= Children and Adolescent Research Evaluation; BIOS= Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study; SSHS = School Sleep Habits Survey; SADS-L = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia–Lifetime version; K-SADS-PL = Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia–Present and Lifetime version; SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.

Table 2 Prospective studies with patients with sleep disorders/symptoms who develop Bipolar Disorder.

Notes. BD = Bipolar disorder; HR = Hazard Ratio; OR = Odds Ratio; NS = Not specified; ** = Data specified and calculated in the original study; y = years; EDSP = Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study; NHI = The National Health Insurance; ICD = International Statistical Classification of Diseases; SCL-90 = Symptom Checklist-90-Revised; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV.

Table 3 Retrospective studies considering a history of sleep disorders/symptoms in BD patients.

Notes. (h)M= Hypomania; D = Depression; M = Mania; SZA = Schizoaffective disorder; BD = bipolar disorder; BD-I = bipolar I disorder; BD-II = bipolar II disorder; PE = psychotic episode; NPE = non psychotic episode; ADHD = Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; y = years; m = months; w = weeks; * = Data specified but not calculated in the original study; ** = Data specified and calculated in the original study; RDC = Research Diagnostic Criteria; ICD = International Statistical Classification of Diseases; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV; MINI = Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; NIMH = The National Institute of Mental Health Retrospective Life-Charting Methodology; K-SADS = Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; BPSS-R = Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective; WASH-U-KSADS = Washington University in St Louis- Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; CARE= Children and Adolescent Research Evaluation; IMPQ = Initial Mania Prodrome Questionnaire.

A Canadian prospective study began in 1998 with the aim to describe the possible onset of psychiatric disorders in siblings of BD parents [Reference Duffy, Horrocks, Doucette, Keown-Stoneman and McCloskey31]. BD diagnosis was met by 31 subjects, all from the high-risk offspring. The high-risk offspring had a higher lifetime risk of sleep disorders (HR = 28.21, P = 0.02), compared with control offspring. Anxiety/sleep disorders started about 6 years before the onset of first major mood episode (p = 0.008).

In the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring study (BIOS) [Reference Levenson, Soehner, Rooks, Goldstein, Diler and Merranko32], BD parents and healthy comparison parents were recruited. All offspring of 6–18 years of age were included. Offspring of BD parents (“at-risk”). A sample of 612 (335 BD and 277 non-BD) offspring were assessed until age 18. At the final 8th-year endpoint, 25/227 high-risk offspring developed BD. Three latent sleep groups were characterized (good sleepers, poor sleepers and variable sleepers) based on the likelihood of sleep. After controlling for confounding factors, the poor sleep group had a 4-fold odds of developing BD than those in the good sleep group (OR = 4.25), though results remained marginally non-significant. High “weekend-to-weekdays variability” sleep patterns (variable group) had low likelihood of developing BD. Sleep symptoms presented about 3 years before BD onset.

The Dutch Bipolar Offspring Study [Reference Mesman, Nolen, Keijsers and Hillegers33] aimed to identify early signs of mood disorders, specifically BD in adolescent BD offspring. At baseline, 27% of the offsprings had a history of any mood disorder and 73% had no mood diagnosis (“No MD”). After 12 years, 10/29 (34%) from the ‘Any MD’ group converted to BD with an (hypo)manic onset. In this group, decreased need of sleep (50% vs 5%, p = 0.011) and middle insomnia (40% vs 5%, p = 0.036) were significantly associated with BD conversion. The median time to (hypo)mania onset after the baseline assessment was 2.7 years.

3.2.2. Prospective studies on sleep disorders patients

A total of 2 studies were included in this part of the review (Table 2).

The risk of psychiatric disorders over a 6 years follow-up period was evaluated in a large cohort study including adult subjects [Reference Chung, Li, Kuo, Sithole, Liu and Chung34]. Patients with insomnia treated with hypnotic drugs had a higher risk of developing psychiatric disorders, especially BD, compared to those with insomnia not on hypnotics and people without insomnia too (HR: 7.60; 95% CI: 5.31–10.89 and HR: 14.69; 95% CI: 11.11–19.43).

The first study to assess longitudinally a possible association between disturbed sleep in healthy individuals and the subsequent onset of BD was conducted on a large cohort [Reference Ritter, Höfler, Wittchen, Lieb, Bauer and Pfennig35]. Among the 1943 patients included, 41 (1.8%) developed BD at follow-up (mean age at onset 17.2 ± 4.8 years). Disturbed sleep in participants without a major mental disorder at T0 conferred an increased risk for BD onset (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.25–2.45; p = 0.001), even when adjusted for age, sex, parental mood disorder and lifetime cannabis or alcohol dependence. Even among participants without a positive family history of mood disorders (N = 1430) insomnia was significantly associated with BD (OR = 1.80; p = 0.003). When evaluating each sleep symptom, “trouble falling asleep” (OR = 1.51; p = 0.006) and “early morning awakening” (OR = 1.38; p = 0.048) showed significant odds of predicting BD. Survival analyses indicated that an increased risk over the 10 years follow-up with and a mean duration between T0 assessment and conversion to BD of 1.9 years.

3.2.3. Retrospective studies on BD patients

A total of 11 studies were included in this part of the review (Table 3).

In the aforementioned Amish study, psychopathological features of parent patients prior to BDdiagnosis were asked to recall prodromal symptopms [Reference Egeland, Hostetter, Pauls and Sussex36]. Sleep problems appeared as the fourth most common symptoms reported between age 13 and 15 (23%), detectable during childhood at least 9–12 years prior to BD onset.

Another study evaluated 82 pediatric BD patients [Reference Faedda, Baldessarini, Glovinsky and Austin37]. About 7 years of delay were found until BD diagnosis/treatment (symptomatic onset occurred before age 3 in 74% of cases, and before age 13 in 95%).

Potential temporal and symptomatic differences between the prodrome to psychotic vs. nonpsychotic manic onsets were assessed in a study including a sample of 52 BD children and adolescents [Reference Correll, Penzner, Frederickson, Richter, Auther and Smith38]. Non significant differences in prevalence in psychotic mania vs. non psychotic mania for: “decreased need for sleep” (respectively 41.2% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.58) and “insomnia” (41.2% vs. 27.8%, p = 0.34). Both groups presented a prevalent “insidious” pattern of onset of prodromal symptoms (1.7 ± 1.8 years before psychotic mania, 1.9 ± 1.5 years before nonpsychotic mania, 2.3 ± 2.1 before depressiion).

A comparison between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD, n = 29), BD (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 28) aimed at investigating possible prodromal symptoms to these conditions in adolescents [Reference Rucklidge39]. Among BD patients, 60% had difficulties getting to sleep and 32% presented a decreased need for sleep in adolescence compared respectively to 65.5% and 24.1% (ADHD group) and 28.6% and 3.6% (control group) with no statistical significance. “Frequent awakenings at night” was present in 44% of BD patients and 7.1% of the control group (p < 0.01).

The course of individual symptoms over the first 10 years of life in juvenile-onset BD and ADHD, alone or comorbid, was compared with healthy controls [Reference Luckenbaugh, Findling, Leverich, Pizzarello and Post40]. “Decreased sleep” was present in 44% of the BD, 9% of the ADHD, 8% of controls, and significantly higher in BD vs. ADHD (p = 0.0005) and VD vs. controls (p = nr).

Another study examined symptoms and prodromes 1 year before a psychotic manic onset [Reference Conus, Ward, Lucas, Cotton, Yung and Berk41]. Clinical symptoms were common in 11/22 (50%) participants. Among them, “disrupted sleep” was present in 83.3% of the sample, “reduced sleep or need for sleep” in 61.1%. The mean duration of sleep symptoms was 20.9 ± 16.4 weeks.

In a Norwegian study, prodromal symptoms and behaviours of 15 BD type II patients were explored [Reference Skjelstad, Holte and Malt42]. Prodromal symptoms were divided into 3 groups according to whether life events at the time of the symptom elicited an appropriate or exaggerated reaction: group A, with symptoms linked to normal responses to environment stimuli, group B, with symptoms characterized as “exaggerated” in relation to environment stimuli, group C, with symptoms characterized as inexplicable or unrelated to the context or to environment stimuli. Symptoms of B and C criteria. Overall, 5/15 patients experimented sleep disturbances. No patients with sleep disturbances met the B or C criteria. Sleep symptoms started about 11 years before BD.

The course of pre-(hypo)manic and pre-depressed prodromal symptoms was assessed in a study on 44 BD type I or II patients [Reference Zeschel, Correll, Haussleiter, Krüger-Özgürdal, Leopold and Pfennig43]. “Reduced sleep requirement” was present 1.3 ± 1.9 months prior to illness onset in 71.4% of the pre-(hypo)manic patients and none of the pre-depressed. “Insomnia” was present 1.4 ± 2.0 months before in 54.8% of the pre-(hypo)manic patients and in 66.7% of the pre-depressed (3.9 ± 6.9 months). “Hypersomnia” was present 1.0 ± 1.1 months prior in 7.1% of the pre-(hypo)manic patients and 6.0 ± 9.7 months before in 33.3% of the pre-depressed.

One of the studies proceeding from the McLean-Harvard First Episode Project investigated possible differences in pre-onset symptoms between purely psychotic- (23.5%), and manic psychotic- (18.1%) and depressive psychotic (58.4%) onset (76.5%) patients in 263 BDI patients with at least one lifetime psychotic episode, [Reference Salvatore, Baldessarini, H-MK, Vázquez, Perez and Faedda44]. “Sleep disturbances” were present in 1.3% of the psychotic manic-onset group and absent in the others (p = ns) Age at first sleep problem was 18.0 ± 0.0 years, about 16.5 years before the onset of the first psychotic episode.

A recent study aimed to retrospectively examine the prevalence, coexistence and persistence of sleep disturbances across the course of BD [Reference Kanady, Soehnera and Harvey45]. Sleep disturbances (i.e. insomnia, hypersomnia, reduced need for sleep, delayed sleep phase and irregular sleep patterns) preceded the onset of illness of about 3 years (age at onset of sleep disturbance: 18.3 ± 9.7).

The prodromes of BD (hypo)manic vs. depressive onset were studied on a sample of 43 stable BD type I (74.4%) and II (25.6%) outpatients [Reference Noto, Noto, Caribé, Miranda-Scippa, Nunes and Chaves46]. Prior to (hypo)manic onset, “insomnia” was present in 48.8%, “decreased need of sleep” in 25.6%, the “inversion of the sleep/wakefulness pattern” in 14% and hypersomnia in 7%. Prior to depressive onset, “insomnia” and “hypersomnia” were both present in 14% of BD subjects, “decreased need for sleep” and “inversion of sleep/wakefulness pattern” both in 4.6%. Sleep problems were more frequent prior to (hypo)manic onset than to depressive onset, independently of BD subtype.

The quality assessment of the studies included in this systematic review outlines a wide heterogeneity in studies design, populations and outcomes (See Suppl. Table 1). Among the cohort studies, 2 groups showed true representativeness. All cohort studies showed adequate case definition groups of interest appropriate evaluation of outcomes and good follow-up. The quality evaluation of case-control studies returned lower quality in representativeness, sample size and comparability, and – by definition- lower quality in outcome recollection, limited by self-report.

4. Discussion

This systematic review aimed at understanding the clinical relationship between sleep problems and the onset of BD, updating the work by Ritter and cols. (2011).

In the last years several new studies focused specifically on this topic, 4 reporting results on prospective follow-ups [Reference Levenson, Soehner, Rooks, Goldstein, Diler and Merranko32Reference Ritter, Höfler, Wittchen, Lieb, Bauer and Pfennig35], whilst 11 presenting retrospective design. The onset of sleep problems in people who subsequently developed BD may long anticipate a full-blown BD, occurring during adolescence or pre-adolescence [Reference Benarous, Consoli, Milhiet and Cohen1, Reference Ritter, Marx, Bauer, Leopold, Lepold and Pfennig20, Reference Duffy, Horrocks, Doucette, Keown-Stoneman and McCloskey31]. These alterations may be pointed out with subjective and objective (i.e. actigraphic) measures also in populations at high-risk for BD, but never diagnosed [Reference Melo, Garcia, Linhares Neto, Sá and de Araújo47]. Sleep and chronotype alteration patterns are similar to those found in full-blown BD patients when compared to healthy controls [Reference De Crescenzo, Economou, Sharpley, Gormez and Quested48], so that their accuracy in predicting a conversion to full-blown BD has to be ascertained.

Globally, sleep problems seem more frequent in the offspring of patients with BD (high-risk offspring) compared to children of healthy controls [Reference Sebela, Novak, Kemlink and Goetz49], with a surprising 30-fold increased risk to develop sleep disorders compared to not-at-risk offspring [Reference Duffy, Horrocks, Doucette, Keown-Stoneman and McCloskey31]. Despite the clear association, no threshold on sleep alterations patterns has been outlined. Also, high-risk offspring present weak and more unstable rest-activity cycles, as indicated with actigraphy by lower relative amplitude and higher variability in sleep efficiency in comparison with controls [Reference Ng, Chung, FY-Y, Yeung, Yung and Lam9]. Unfortunately, clinical applicability of these findings is doubtful.

When taking into consideration the lapse between sleep disturbances and BD onset, prospective studies almost invariantly agree on the development of generic sleep problems more than 1 year before BD (1.9–6 years [Reference Duffy, Alda, Hajek, Sherry and Grof50, Reference Levenson, Soehner, Rooks, Goldstein, Diler and Merranko32, Reference Mesman, Nolen, Keijsers and Hillegers33, Reference Ritter, Höfler, Wittchen, Lieb, Bauer and Pfennig35]. Interestingly, the retrospective studies reviewed present a longer latency, more than 1 year before BD onset (adolescence or pre-adolescence) [Reference Faedda, Baldessarini, Glovinsky and Austin37, Reference Correll, Penzner, Frederickson, Richter, Auther and Smith38, Reference Skjelstad, Holte and Malt42, Reference Salvatore, Baldessarini, H-MK, Vázquez, Perez and Faedda44] compared to few months in young adulthood onset [Reference Conus, Ward, Lucas, Cotton, Yung and Berk41, Reference Zeschel, Correll, Haussleiter, Krüger-Özgürdal, Leopold and Pfennig43, Reference Noto, Noto, Caribé, Miranda-Scippa, Nunes and Chaves46]. An overestimation of sleep problems is possible. Also, generalizability from child-adolescent BD to adult BD populations may be hampered by the lack lack of consensus over the very consistence of BD diagnosis in childhood/adolescence [Reference Carlson and Meyer51, Reference Douglas and Scott52].

4.1. Sleep prodromes and polarity of onset

4.1.1. Decreased need for sleep

A common finding throughout the present review is that decreased sleep may be present time before BD onset in a variable percentage of patients ranging from 24% to 44% in retrospective studies [Reference Egeland, Hostetter, Pauls and Sussex36, Reference Rucklidge39, Reference Luckenbaugh, Findling, Leverich, Pizzarello and Post40], and up to 50% in a prospective study [Reference Egeland, Endicott, Hostetter, Allen, Pauls and Shaw30]. This seems an aspecific finding, as, for instance, a generic decrease in sleep also is reported for individuals at risk for psychosis with no significant differences compared to individuals at risk for BD [Reference Zanini, Castro, Cunha, Asevedo, Pan and Bittencourt7]. Undoubtley a close monitoring of individuals at risk for developing both conditions is due anyway, and the treatment of common psychopathologica prodromes could be tried as suggested by recent transdiagnostic staging models [Reference Scott, Leboyer, Hickie, Berk, Kapczinski and Frank4]. Predictably, manic and hypomanic BD onset episodes are mostly associated with a decreased need for sleep, appearing in 25.6% up to 71.4% of pre-manic patients [Reference Zeschel, Correll, Haussleiter, Krüger-Özgürdal, Leopold and Pfennig43, Reference Noto, Noto, Caribé, Miranda-Scippa, Nunes and Chaves46] and it may precede BD manic onset by about 1–8 months. According to the results of this review, prolonged decreased need for sleep represents a good prodrome to a manic onset.

4.1.2. Insomnia

Insomnia seems an important prodrome of BD in 2 prospective studies, with an HR of 14.69 in one study [Reference Chung, Li, Kuo, Sithole, Liu and Chung34], and with an OR of 1.51 (for initial insomnia) and 1.38 (for late insomnia) in the other [Reference Ritter, Höfler, Wittchen, Lieb, Bauer and Pfennig35]. Also retrospective studies seem consistent with its predictive value. Insomnia seems the most frequent symptom prior to depressive onset (14.0%–66.7%), and appearing 7.3 to 3.9 months before the episode [Reference Ritter, Höfler, Wittchen, Lieb, Bauer and Pfennig35, Reference Zeschel, Correll, Haussleiter, Krüger-Özgürdal, Leopold and Pfennig43, Reference Noto, Noto, Caribé, Miranda-Scippa, Nunes and Chaves46]. Insomnia also precede manic onset (48.8%–54.8%) from 1.9 months up to 1.9 ± 1.5 years [Reference Correll, Penzner, Frederickson, Richter, Auther and Smith38, Reference Zeschel, Correll, Haussleiter, Krüger-Özgürdal, Leopold and Pfennig43, Reference Noto, Noto, Caribé, Miranda-Scippa, Nunes and Chaves46]. Again, insomnia is very unspecific, also commonprior to unipolar depression [Reference Ritter, Marx, Bauer, Leopold, Lepold and Pfennig20, Reference Baglioni, Battagliese, Feige, Spiegelhalder, Nissen and Voderholzer53, Reference Correll, Penzner, Frederickson, Richter, Auther and Smith54]. Despite its aspecific nature, insomnia allows identification of populations at high risk for serious mental conditions such as BD, depression or schizophrenia.

4.1.3. Hypersomnia

Although less frequent, hypersomnia seems more specific of a depressive BD onset. It precedes the onset of the disease of 6–7 months [Reference Zeschel, Correll, Haussleiter, Krüger-Özgürdal, Leopold and Pfennig43, Reference Noto, Noto, Caribé, Miranda-Scippa, Nunes and Chaves46], its frequency ranging from 14% up to 33.3%, compared with pre-manic patients (about 7%). Hypersomnia was associated with the onset of a bipolar depression episode [Reference Kaplan, Gruber, Eidelman, Talbot and Harvey55] and may also differentiate bipolar depression (in BD type II patients) from unipolar depression, with a positive predictive value of around 70% [Reference Hantouche and Akiskal56]. Interestingly, hypersomnia is also a clinical symtptom present in the “atypical features” diagnostic specifier. This underlines its possible direct and indirect relation with a bipolar diathesis in major depression that is being investigated [Reference Petri, Bacci, Barbuti, Pacchiarotti, Azorin and Angst57]. Despite a careful and critical assessment of hypersomnia is due [Reference Dauvilliers, Lopez, Ohayon and Bayard58], our results suggest that hypersomnia is a potential prodrome of bipolar depressive onset.

4.1.4. Circadian rhythm alterations

In this review scant data concerning alterations in circadian rhythms were returned. A lower likelihood of conversion for the “extreme evening type” pattern of circadian rhythm (i.e. defined as an eveningness circadian preference <10th percentile of the entire sample) in youth at genetic risk for BD was reported in one study [Reference Levenson, Axelson, Merranko, Angulo, Goldstein and Mullin59]. This contrasts with previous evidence, as BD in adolescent and adult BD patients seems significantly associated with significantly higher prevalence of “evening types” than healthy controls [Reference Milhiet, Boudebesse, Bellivier, Drouot, Henry and Leboyer10, Reference Wood, Birmaher, Axelson, Ehmann, Kalas and Monk60, Reference Kim, Weissman, Puzia, Cushman, Seymour and Wegbreit61]. However, it circadian preference tends to differ between childhood and adolescence and a substantial shift to an evening circadian preference is observed at around 12–13 years of age [Reference Gau and Soong62, Reference Tonetti, Adan, Di Milia, Randler and Natale63]. Considering that the mean age in the study by Levenson and cols. was 11 ± 3.6 years, it is possible that a switch to an evening chronotype was missed. Also, the association of evening chronotype and BD could be independent or partially mediated by chronic sleep deprivation due to social needs (e.g. early awakening) triggering a mood episode [Reference Melo, Abreu, Linhares Neto, de Bruin and de Bruin64]. One included study reports a generic “inversion of the sleep/wakefulness pattern”. This is not frequent in either pre-depressive and pre-manic patients, but when present it might anticipate full illness-onset more than one year. [Reference Noto, Noto, Caribé, Miranda-Scippa, Nunes and Chaves46]. Newest resultsfrom the BIOS cohort [Reference Levenson, Soehner, Rooks, Goldstein, Diler and Merranko32] show that weekend-to-weekday sleep variability were not substantially associated with elevated risk of developing BD among at-risk youth.

To a varying degree, results in this systematic review point to somewhat aspecific sleep and biological rhythm disturbances. Despite this, their appearance in at-risk populations and their high prevalence anticipating acute episodes [Reference Jackson, Cavanagh and Scott65, Reference Rosa, Comes, Torrent, Solè, Reinares and Pachiarotti66], calls for specific and timely interventions. This is especially true when considering that sleep alterations are potentially amenable to pharmacological and psychological treatment [Reference Joslyn, Hawes, Hunt and Mitchell67]. To avoid overmedication of these individuals, psychological and psychoeducational interventions should be especially considered to achieve improved illness outcomes [Reference Oud, Mayo-Wilson, Braidwood, Schulte, Jones and Morriss68Reference Vieta, Salagre, Grande, Carvalho, Fernandes and Berk70].

5. Limitations

The present systematic review was conducted considering only studies in English language. Although this potentially limits the generalizability of results in terms of geographic and ethnical differences, most international peer-review journals publish studies written in English language

We also chose to include data on diagnosed BD patients. This is likely to have cut out most of the evidence on sleep biomarkers and translational research performed on high-risk individuals. On the other hand, the excluded evidence could point to populations at risk and be not associated with a full-blown BD condition, and this could be especially true for child/adolescent BD populations due to diagnostic consistency in such populations.

Also, studies focused on specific subpopulations such as BD type II or rapid cycling BD are lacking

The predictive value of sleep disturbances seems somewhat hampered by the scarcity of prospective studies on the topic and the heterogeneity of assessment measures used. Retrospective studies present data with possible recollection bias

6. Conclusions

Sleep prodromes seem good potential indicators for the early detection in those at highest risk of developing bipolar disorder. Their increased prevalence may be detected more than 1 year prior to the onset of the first affective episode. Despite sleep prodromes overall lack specificity for BD, especially in a pure clinical setting, hypersomnia might have a possible role in discriminating bipolar versus unipolar depression, and reduced need for sleep be a useful indicator for a manic onset. Early recognition and early specific intervention on sleep disturbance allow for a most effective management, but might also allow postpone illness onsetduring crucial periods of life such as adolescence and young adulthood.

Sleep and chronotype research still need more objective quantitative and qualitative approaches such as actigraphy and polysomnography evaluations or neuroendocrine assessment.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities integrated into the Plan Nacional de I + D+I and co-financed by the ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); the CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental); the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement (2017_SGR_1365) and the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary material related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.02.003.

References

Benarous, XConsoli, AMilhiet, VCohen, DEarly interventions for youths at high risk for bipolar disorder: a developmental approach. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 25(Mar (3))2016; 217–3310.1007/s00787-015-0773-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faedda, GLMarangoni, CSerra, GSalvatore, PSani, GVázquez, GH et al. Precursors of bipolar disorders: a systematic literature review of prospective studies. J Clin Psychiatry 76(May (5))2015; 614–2410.4088/JCP.13r08900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, EBerk, MSchulze, TGCarvalho, AFSuppes, TCalabrese, JR et al. Bipolar disorders. Nat Rev Dis Prim Mar 4)2018; 1800810.1038/nrdp.2018.8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, JLeboyer, MHickie, IBerk, MKapczinski, FFrank, E et al. Clinical staging in psychiatry: a cross-cutting model of diagnosis with heuristic and practical value. Br J Psychiatry 202(Apr (4))2013; 243–510.1192/bjp.bp.112.110858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, ESalagre, EGrande, ICarvalho, AFFernandes, BSBerk, M et al. Early intervention in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 175(May (5))2018; 411–2610.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17090972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritter, PSMarx, CLewtschenko, NPfeiffer, SLeopold, KBauer, M et al. The characteristics of sleep in patients with manifest bipolar disorder, subjects at high risk of developing the disease and healthy controls. J Neural Transm 119(Oct (10))2012; 1173–8410.1007/s00702-012-0883-y.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanini, MACastro, JCunha, GRAsevedo, EPan, PMBittencourt, L et al. Abnormalities in sleep patterns in individuals at risk for psychosis and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 169(Dec (1–3))2015; 262–710.1016/j.schres.2015.08.023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
APA Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition2013(DSM-5). APA, editor. Arlington VA.Google Scholar
Ng, THChung, K-FFY-Y, HoYeung, W-FYung, K-PLam, T-HSleep-wake disturbance in interepisode bipolar disorder and high-risk individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 20(Apr)2015; 465810.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milhiet, VBoudebesse, CBellivier, FDrouot, XHenry, CLeboyer, M et al. Circadian abnormalities as markers of susceptibility in bipolar disorders. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2014; 6:120–37.Google ScholarPubMed
Salvadore, GQuiroz, JAMachado-Vieira, RHenter, IDManji, HKZarate, CAThe neurobiology of the switch process in bipolar disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 71(Nov (11))2010; 1488–50110.4088/JCP.09r05259gre.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, MJuckel, GCorrell, CULeopold, KPfennig, ADiagnosis and treatment in the early illness phase of bipolar disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258(Suppl)2008; 50–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, JWDulcis, DInvestigating the mechanism(s) underlying switching between states in bipolar disorder. Eur J Pharmacol Jul 759)2015; 151–6210.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinho, MSehmbi, MCudney, LEKauer-Sant’anna, MMagalhães, PVReinares, M et al. The association between biological rhythms, depression, and functioning in bipolar disorder: a large multi-center study. Acta Psychiatr Scand May)201510.1111/acps.12442.Google ScholarPubMed
Pagani, LSt Clair, PATeshiba, TMService, SKFears, SCAraya, C et al. Genetic contributions to circadian activity rhythm and sleep pattern phenotypes in pedigrees segregating for severe bipolar disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(Feb (6))2016; E7546110.1073/pnas.1513525113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geoffroy, PAScott, JProdrome or risk syndrome: what’s in a name?. Int J Bipolar Disord 5(Dec (1))2017; 710.1186/s40345-017-0077-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapczinski, FMagalhães, PVSBalanzá-Martinez, VDias, VVFrangou, SGama, CS et al. Staging systems in bipolar disorder: an international society for bipolar disorders task force report. Acta Psychiatr Scand 130(Nov (5))2014; 354–6310.1111/acps.12305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alda, MKapczinski, FStaging model raises fundamental questions about the nature of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 41(Sep (5))2016; 291–310.1503/jpn.160151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carvalho, AFKöhler, CAFernandes, BSQuevedo, JMiskowiak, KWBrunoni, AR et al. Bias in emerging biomarkers for bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 46(Aug (11))2016; 2287–9710.1017/S0033291716000957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritter, PSMarx, CBauer, MLeopold, KLepold, KPfennig, AThe role of disturbed sleep in the early recognition of bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord 13(May (3))2011; 227–3710.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00917.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moher, DLiberati, ATetzlaff, JAltman, DGPRISMA Group, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 2009; 339:b2535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IIIAmerican Psychiatric Association, editor. Washington, DC 1987.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IVAmerican Psychiatric Association, editor. Washington, DC 1994.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TRAmerican Psychiatric Association, editor. Washington, DC 2000.Google Scholar
World Health Organization International statistical classification of diseases and health related problems eighth edition1967World Health Organization., editor.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, International statistical classification of diseases and health related problems ninth edition1977.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, International statistical classification of diseases and health related problems tenth edition1997.Google Scholar
Zeng, XZhang, YKwong, JSWZhang, CLi, SSun, F et al. The methodological quality assessment tools for preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta-analysis, and clinical practice guideline: a systematic review. J Evid Based Med 8(Feb (1))2015; 21010.1111/jebm.12141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzog, RÁlvarez-Pasquin, MJDíaz, CDel Barrio, JLEstrada, JMGil, Á.Are healthcare workers’ intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? a systematic review. BMC Public Health 13(Dec (1))2013; 15410.1186/1471-2458-13-154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, JAEndicott, JHostetter, AMAllen, CRPauls, DLShaw, JAA 16-year prospective study of prodromal features prior to BPI onset in well Amish children. J Affect Disord 142(Dec (1–3))2012; 186–9210.1016/j.jad.2012.04.023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffy, AHorrocks, JDoucette, SKeown-Stoneman, CMcCloskey, S et al. The developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 204(Feb (2))2014; 122–810.1192/bjp.bp.113.126706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levenson, JCSoehner, ARooks, BGoldstein, TRDiler, RMerranko, J et al. Longitudinal sleep phenotypes among offspring of bipolar parents and community controls. J Affect Disord 6(Mar 215)2017; 30–610.1016/j.jad.2017.03.011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesman, ENolen, WAKeijsers, LHillegers, MHJBaseline dimensional psychopathology and future mood disorder onset: findings from the Dutch Bipolar Offspring Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 136(Aug (2))2017; 201–910.1111/acps.12739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, K-HLi, C-YKuo, S-YSithole, TLiu, W-WChung, M-HRisk of psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic insomnia and sedative-hypnotic prescription: a nationwide population-based follow-up study. J Clin Sleep Med 11(May (5))2015; 543–5110.5664/jcsm.4700.Google ScholarPubMed
Ritter, PSHöfler, MWittchen, H-ULieb, RBauer, MPfennig, A et al. Disturbed sleep as risk factor for the subsequent onset of bipolar disorder--Data from a 10-year prospective-longitudinal study among adolescents and young adults. J Psychiatr Res 68(Sep)2015; 768210.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, JAHostetter, AMPauls, DLSussex, JNProdromal symptoms before onset of manic-depressive disorder suggested by first hospital admission histories. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39(Oct (10))2000; 1245–5210.1097/00004583-200010000-00011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faedda, GLBaldessarini, RJGlovinsky, IPAustin, NBPediatric bipolar disorder: phenomenology and course of illness. Bipolar Disord 6(Aug (4))2004; 305–1310.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00128.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correll, CUPenzner, JBFrederickson, AMRichter, JJAuther, AMSmith, CW et al. Differentiation in the preonset phases of schizophrenia and mood disorders: evidence in support of a bipolar mania prodrome. Schizophr Bull 2007;33(3):703–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rucklidge, JJRetrospective parent report of psychiatric histories: do checklists reveal specific prodromal indicators for postpubertal-onset pediatric bipolar disorder?. Bipolar Disord 10(Feb (1))2008; 566610.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00533.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luckenbaugh, DAFindling, RLLeverich, GSPizzarello, SMPost, RMEarliest symptoms discriminating juvenile-onset bipolar illness from ADHD. Bipolar Disord 11(June (4))2009; 441–5110.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00684.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conus, PWard, JLucas, NCotton, SYung, ARBerk, M et al. Characterisation of the prodrome to a first episode of psychotic mania: results of a retrospective study. J Affect Disord 2010;124(3):341–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skjelstad, DVHolte, AMalt, UFGenuine clinical predictors of bipolar II disorder: an exploration of temporal and contextual characteristics. J Affect Disord 135(December (1–3))2011; 419–2310.1016/j.jad.2011.08.029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeschel, ECorrell, CUHaussleiter, ISKrüger-Özgürdal, SLeopold, KPfennig, A et al. The bipolar disorder prodrome revisited: Is there a symptomatic pattern?. J Affect Disord 151(November (2))2013; 551–6010.1016/j.jad.2013.06.043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvatore, PBaldessarini, RJH-MK, KhalsaVázquez, GPerez, JFaedda, GL et al. Antecedents of manic versus other first psychotic episodes in 263 bipolar I disorder patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 129(April (4))2014; 275–8510.1111/acps.12170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanady, JCSoehnera, AMHarvey, AGA retrospective examination of sleep disturbance across the course of bipolar disorder. J Sleep Disord Ther 4(March (2))201510.4172/2167-0277.1000193.Google ScholarPubMed
Noto, MNNoto, CCaribé, ACMiranda-Scippa, ÂNunes, SOChaves, AC et al. Clinical characteristics and influence of childhood trauma on the prodrome of bipolar disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr (Sao Paulo, Brazil 1999) 2015;37(4):280–810.1590/1516-4446-2014-1641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melo, MCAGarcia, RFLinhares Neto, VB, MBde Araújo, CFC et al. Sleep and circadian alterations in people at risk for bipolar disorder: a systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 13(Sep 83)2016; 211–910.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Crescenzo, FEconomou, ASharpley, ALGormez, AQuested, DJActigraphic features of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2016.Google ScholarPubMed
Sebela, ANovak, TKemlink, DGoetz, MSleep characteristics in child and adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: a case control study. BMC Psychiatry 17(Dec (1))2017; 19910.1186/s12888-017-1361-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffy, AAlda, MHajek, TSherry, SBGrof, PEarly stages in the development of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 121(Feb (1–2))2010; 127–3510.1016/j.jad.2009.05.022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, GAMeyer, SEPhenomenology and diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: complexities and developmental issues. Dev Psychopathol 18(Dec (4))2006; 939–6910.1017/S0954579406060470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, JScott, JA systematic review of gender-specific rates of unipolar and bipolar disorders in community studies of pre-pubertal children. Bipolar Disord 16(Feb (1))2014; 51510.1111/bdi.12155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baglioni, CBattagliese, GFeige, BSpiegelhalder, KNissen, CVoderholzer, U et al. Insomnia as a predictor of depression: a meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. J Affect Disord 135(Dec (1–3))2011; 10–910.1016/j.jad.2011.01.011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correll, CUPenzner, JBFrederickson, AMRichter, JJAuther, AMSmith, CW et al. Differentiation in the preonset phases of schizophrenia and mood disorders: evidence in support of a bipolar mania prodrome. Schizophr Bull 33(May (3))2007; 703–1410.1093/schbul/sbm028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, KAGruber, JEidelman, PTalbot, LSHarvey, AGHypersomnia in inter-episode bipolar disorder: does it have prognostic significance?. J Affect Disord 132(Aug (3))2011; 438–4410.1016/j.jad.2011.03.013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hantouche, EGAkiskal, HSBipolar II vs. Unipolar depression: psychopathologic differentiation by dimensional measures. J Affect Disord 84(Feb (2–3))2005; 127–3210.1016/j.jad.2004.01.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petri, EBacci, OBarbuti, MPacchiarotti, IAzorin, J-MAngst, J et al. Obesity in patients with major depression is related to bipolarity and mixed features: evidence from the BRIDGE-II-Mix study. Bipolar Disord 19(Sep (6))2017; 458–6410.1111/bdi.12519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dauvilliers, YLopez, ROhayon, MBayard, SHypersomnia and depressive symptoms: methodological and clinical aspects. BMC Med 11(Mar)2013; 7810.1186/1741-7015-11-78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levenson, JCAxelson, DAMerranko, JAngulo, MGoldstein, TRMullin, BC et al. Differences in sleep disturbances among offspring of parents with and without bipolar disorder: association with conversion to bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 17(Dec (8))2015; 836–4810.1111/bdi.12345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, JBirmaher, BAxelson, DEhmann, MKalas, CMonk, K et al. Replicable differences in preferred circadian phase between bipolar disorder patients and control individuals. Psychiatry Res 166(Apr (2–3))2009; 201–910.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, KLWeissman, ABPuzia, MECushman, GKSeymour, KEWegbreit, E et al. Circadian phase preference in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Med 2014;3(1):255–6610.3390/jcm3010255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gau, S-FSoong, W-TThe transition of sleep-wake patterns in early adolescence. Sleep 26(Jun (4))2003; 449–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tonetti, LAdan, ADi Milia, LRandler, CNatale, VMeasures of circadian preference in childhood and adolescence: a review. Eur Psychiatry 2015;30(5):576–8210.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melo, MCAAbreu, MCALinhares Neto, VBde Bruin, PFCde Bruin, VMSChronotype and circadian rhythm in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev July)201610.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.007.Google ScholarPubMed
Jackson, ACavanagh, JScott, JA systematic review of manic and depressive prodromes. J Affect Disord 74(May (3))2003; 209–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosa, ARComes, MTorrent, CSolè, BReinares, MPachiarotti, I et al. Biological rhythm disturbance in remitted bipolar patients. Int J Bipolar Disord 2013; 1:610.1186/2194-7511-1-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joslyn, CHawes, DJHunt, CMitchell, PBIs age of onset associated with severity, prognosis, and clinical features in bipolar disorder? A meta-analytic review. Bipolar Disord 18(Aug (5))2016; 38940310.1111/bdi.12419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oud, MMayo-Wilson, EBraidwood, RSchulte, PJones, SHMorriss, R et al. Psychological interventions for adults with bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 208(Mar (3))2016; 213–2210.1192/bjp.bp.114.157123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, EMorilla, IEarly group psychoeducation for bipolar disorder. Lancet Psychiatry Sep)201610.1016/S2215-0366(16)30303-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieta, ESalagre, EGrande, ICarvalho, AFFernandes, BSBerk, M et al. Early intervention in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry Jan)201810.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17090972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Fig. 1. PRISMA flowchart of studies selection for the systematic review.

Figure 1

Table 1 Prospective studies of offspring with parents with Bipolar Disorder.

Notes.HR= High-risk offsprings; (h)M = Hypomania; CT = Cyclothymia; D = Depression; M = Mania; BD = bipolar disorder; BD-I = bipolar I disorder; BD-II = bipolar II disorder; SZA = bipolar disorder not otherwise specified; * = Data specified but not calculated in the original study; ** = Data specified and calculated in the original study; NS = Not specified; CARE= Children and Adolescent Research Evaluation; BIOS= Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study; SSHS = School Sleep Habits Survey; SADS-L = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia–Lifetime version; K-SADS-PL = Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia–Present and Lifetime version; SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.
Figure 2

Table 2 Prospective studies with patients with sleep disorders/symptoms who develop Bipolar Disorder.

Notes.BD = Bipolar disorder; HR = Hazard Ratio; OR = Odds Ratio; NS = Not specified; ** = Data specified and calculated in the original study; y = years; EDSP = Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study; NHI = The National Health Insurance; ICD = International Statistical Classification of Diseases; SCL-90 = Symptom Checklist-90-Revised; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV.
Figure 3

Table 3 Retrospective studies considering a history of sleep disorders/symptoms in BD patients.

Notes.(h)M= Hypomania; D = Depression; M = Mania; SZA = Schizoaffective disorder; BD = bipolar disorder; BD-I = bipolar I disorder; BD-II = bipolar II disorder; PE = psychotic episode; NPE = non psychotic episode; ADHD = Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; y = years; m = months; w = weeks; * = Data specified but not calculated in the original study; ** = Data specified and calculated in the original study; RDC = Research Diagnostic Criteria; ICD = International Statistical Classification of Diseases; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV; MINI = Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; NIMH = The National Institute of Mental Health Retrospective Life-Charting Methodology; K-SADS = Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; BPSS-R = Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective; WASH-U-KSADS = Washington University in St Louis- Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; CARE= Children and Adolescent Research Evaluation; IMPQ = Initial Mania Prodrome Questionnaire.
Supplementary material: File

Pancheri et al. Supplementary Material

Pancheri et al. Supplementary Material 1
Download Pancheri et al. Supplementary Material(File)
File 64 KB
Supplementary material: File

Pancheri et al. Supplementary Material

Pancheri et al. Supplementary Material 2
Download Pancheri et al. Supplementary Material(File)
File 15.8 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pancheri et al. Supplementary Material

Pancheri et al. Supplementary Material 3
Download Pancheri et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 32.9 KB
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.