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The neurobiology of autism spectrum disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2020

M. Parellada ,
M.J. Penzol ,
L. Pina ,
C. Moreno ,
E. González-Vioque ,
G. Zalsman  and
C. Arango
M. Parellada*
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, Ibiza 43, 28009Madrid, Spain
M.J. Penzol
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, Ibiza 43, 28009Madrid, Spain
L. Pina
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, Ibiza 43, 28009Madrid, Spain
C. Moreno
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, Ibiza 43, 28009Madrid, Spain
E. González-Vioque
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, Ibiza 43, 28009Madrid, Spain
G. Zalsman
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Geha Hospital, Petach Tiqva, 49100Tel Aviv, Israel
C. Arango
Affiliation:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, Ibiza 43, 28009Madrid, Spain
*
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 91 586 8133; fax: +34 91 426 5108. E-mail address:parellada@hggm.es (M. Parellada).
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Abstract

Data is progressively and robustly accumulating regarding the biological basis of autism. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are currently considered a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with onset very early in life and a complex, heterogeneous, multifactorial aetiology. A comprehensive search of the last five years of the Medline database was conducted in order to summarize recent evidence on the neurobiological bases of autism. The main findings on genetic influence, neuropathology, neurostructure and brain networks are summarized. In addition, findings from peripheral samples of subjects with autism and animal models, which show immune, oxidative, mitochondrial dysregulations, are reported. Then, other biomarkers from very different systems associated with autism are reported. Finally, an attempt is made to try and integrate the available evidence, which points to a oligogenetic, multifactorial aetiology that converges in an aberrant micro-organization of the cortex, with abnormal functioning of the synapses and abnormalities in very general physiological pathways (such as inflammatory, immune and redox systems).

Keywords

AutismNeurodevelopmentNeuroscience
Type
Review
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 29 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 11 - 19
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS

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