Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T10:21:59.932Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A study of neuropsychological deficit in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2008

Min-Sup Shin ,
Hyunjung Choi ,
Hana Kim ,
Jun-Won Hwang ,
Boong-Nyun Kim  and
Soo-Churl Cho
Min-Sup Shin*
Affiliation:
Department of Child-Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Hyunjung Choi
Affiliation:
Department of Child-Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Hana Kim
Affiliation:
Department of Child-Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Jun-Won Hwang
Affiliation:
Department of Child-Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Boong-Nyun Kim
Affiliation:
Department of Child-Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Soo-Churl Cho
Affiliation:
Department of Child-Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
*
*Corresponding author. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Youngon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea. Tel.: +82 2 2072 2454; fax: +82 2 744 7241. E-mail address: shinms@snu.ac.kr
Get access

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the neuropsychological deficits in children with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Furthermore, the focus of present study was to explore whether OCD children show the same executive dysfunction as adult OCD patients. The participants consisted of 106 children between the ages of 6 and 16 years who visited the department of child-adolescent psychiatry, Seoul National University Children's Hospital (17 OCD, 25 ADHD, 21 tic disorder, 20 depressive disorder, and 23 healthy children). The OCD children showed higher verbal ability compared to other psychiatric groups, but performed the worst on WISC-R subtests assessing perceptual organization ability under time pressure. The OCD children did not show any significant deficits in verbal intellectual function, memory, attention and concentration abilities. However, similar to the ADHD children, the OCD children had significantly more errors and completed fewer categories on the WCST compared to the healthy group. Through neuropsychological tests, the OCD children showed cognitive strength and weakness similar to those of OCD adults that were reported in previous research. Specifically, they had executive function deficits in mental set shifting, supporting the frontal-striatal dysfunction hypothesis of OCD in children as well as in adults.

Keywords

Childhood OCDNeuropsychological deficitExecutive function
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 23 , Issue 7 , October 2008 , pp. 512 - 520
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbruzzese, M.Ferri, S.Scarone, S.The selective breakdown of frontal functions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and in patients with schizophrenia: a double dissociation experimental finding Neuropsychologia. 35 1997 907–912CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abbruzzese, M.Ferri, S.Scarone, S.Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: no evidence for involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Psychiatr Res. 58 1995 37–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed. 1994 APA Washington DCGoogle Scholar
Andres, S.Boget, T.Lazaro, L.Penades, R.Morer, A.Salamero, M.et al.Neuropsychological performance in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and influence of clinical variables Biol Psychiatry. 61 8 2007 946–951CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bannon, S.Gonsalvez, C.J.Croft, R.J.Boyce, P.M.Executive functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: state or trait deficits? Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 40 11–12 2006 1031–1038Google ScholarPubMed
Basso, M.R.Bornstein, R.A.Carona, F.Morton, R.Depression accounts for executive function deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 14 2001 241–245Google ScholarPubMed
Baxter, L.R. Jr.Schwartz, J.M.Mazziotta, J.C.Phelps, M.E.Pahl, J.J.Guze, B.H.et al.Cerebral glucose metabolic rates in non-depressed patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder Am J Psychiatry. 145 1988 1560–1563Google Scholar
Beers, S.Rosenberg, D.Dick, E.Williams, T.O'Hearn, K.M.Birmaher, B.et al.Neuropsychological study of frontal lobe function in psychotropic naïve children with obsessive-compulsive disorder Am J Psychiatry. 156 1999 777–779Google ScholarPubMed
Behar, D.Rapoport, J.L.Berg, C.F.Denckla, M.B.Mann, L.Cox, C.et al.Computerized tomography and neuropsychological test measures in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder Am J Psychiatry. 141 1984 363–369Google ScholarPubMed
Berstein, J.H.Waber, D.P.Developmental scoring system for the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Manual 1994 PAR Lutz, FLGoogle Scholar
Boone, J.A.Philpott, L.Neuropsychological characteristics of nondepressed adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 4 1991 96–109Google Scholar
Cavedini, P.Ferri, S.Scarone, S.Bellodi, L.Frontal lobe dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression Psychiatry Res. 78 1998 21–28CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chamberlain, S.R.Fineberg, N.A.Blackwell, A.D.Robbins, T.W.Sahakian, B.J.Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania Am J Psychiatry. 163 2006 1282–1284CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, J.S.Kang, D.H.Kim, J.J.Ha, T.H.Lee, J.M.Youn, T.et al.Left anterior subregion of orbitofrontal cortex volume reduction and impaired organizational strategies in obsessive-compulsive disorder J Psychiatr Res. 38 2004 193–199CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, K.J.WonKim, S.Dysken, W.Hoover, K.M.Neuropsychological performance in obsessive compulsive disorder Biol Psychiatry. 31 1992 4–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Constans, J.I.Foa, E.B.Franklin, M.E.Mathews, A.Memory for actual and imagined events in OC checkers Behav Res Ther. 33 1995 665–671CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cottraux, J.Gerard, D.Neuroimaging and neuroanatomical issues in obsessive-compulsive disorderSwinson, R.P.Antony, M.M.Rachman, S.Richter, M.A.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Theory, research, and treatment. 1998 Guilford New York, NP154–180Google Scholar
Delis, D.C.Kramer, J.H.Kaplan, E.Ober, B.A.California Verbal Learning Test: adult version manual 1987 The Psychological Corporation San Antonio, TXGoogle Scholar
Fenger, M.M.Gade, A.Adams, K.H.Hansen, E.S.Bolwig, T.G.Knudsen, G.M.Cognitive deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder on tests of frontal lobe functions Nor J Psychiatry. 59 2005 39–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gross-Isseroff, Sasson, Y.Voet, H.Luca-Haimovici, K.Kandel-Sussman, H.Hendler, T.et al.Alternation learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder Biol Psychiatry. 39 1996 733–738CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanna, G.Fischer, D.J.Chadha, K.Himle, J.Van Etten, M.Familial and sporadic subtypes of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder Biol Psychiatry. 57 2005 895–900CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, N.S.Impaired cognitive set shifting in obsessive-compulsive neurosis IRCS Med Sci. 14 1986 936–937Google Scholar
Head, D.Bolton, D.Hymas, N.Deficit in neurocognitive shifting ability in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorders Biol Psychiatry. 25 1989 929–937CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heaton, R.K.Chelune, G.J.Talley, J.L.Kay, G.G.Curtiss, G.Wisconsin card sorting test manual revised and expanded 1993 PARGoogle Scholar
Henin, A.Savage, C.R.Rauch, S.L.Deckersbach, T.Wilhelm, S.Baer, L.et al.Is age at symptom onset associated with severity of memory impairment in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder? Am J Psychiatry. 158 2001 137–139CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, K.E.Korean textbook of child psychiatry 2005 JMC SeoulGoogle Scholar
Horton, A.M.Some suggestions regarding the clinical interpretation of the Trail Making Test Clin Neuropsychol. 1 1979 20–23Google Scholar
Hymas, N.Lees, A.Bolton, D.Epps, K.Head, D.The neurology of obsessional slowness Brain. 114 1991 2203–2233CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insel, T.R.Donnelly, E.F.Lalakea, M.L.Alterman, I.S.Murphy, D.L.Neurological and neuropsychological studies of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder Biol Psychiatry. 18 1983 741–751Google ScholarPubMed
Kim, B.N.Lee, J.S.Shin, M.S.Cho, S.C.Lee, D.S.Regional cerebral perfusion abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Eur Arch Clin Neurosci. 252 2002 219–225Google ScholarPubMed
Korean Educational Development Institute Basic Learning Skill Test 1989 KEDI SeoulGoogle Scholar
Korean Educational Development Institute Korean Educational Development Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 1991 KEDI SeoulGoogle Scholar
Kuelz, A.K.Hohagen, F.Voderholzer, U.Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review Biol Psychol. 65 3 2004 185–236CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, N.S.Wooderson, S.Mataix-Cols, D.David, R.Speckens, A.Phillips, M.L.Decision making and set shifting impairments are associated with distinct symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder Neuropsychology. 20 2006 409–419CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leckman, J.F.Pauls, D.L.Zhang, H.Rosario-Campos, M.C.Katsovich, L.Kidd, K.K.et al.Obsessive compulsive symptom dimensions in affected sibling pairs diagnosed with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome Am J Med Genet. 116B 2003 60–68CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J.S.Shin, M.S.Hong, K.E.Development of the Korean form of Leyton obsessional inventory-child version (LOI-CV) Kor J Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 5 1994 162–171Google Scholar
Loose, R.Kaufmann, C.Tucha, O.Auer, D.P.Lange, K.W.Neural networks of response shifting: influence of task speed and stimulus material Brain Res. 1090 1 2006 146–155CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucey, J.V.Costa, D.C.Busatto, G.Pilowsky, L.S.Marks, I.M.Ell, P.J.et al.Caudate regional cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and healthy controls on single photon emission computerised tomography Psychiatry Res. 74 1997 25–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, A.Wiggs, C.L.Altemus, M.Rubenstein, C.Murphy, D.L.Working memory as assessed by subject-ordered tasks in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 17 1995 786–792CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinot, J.L.Allilaire, J.F.Mazoyer, B.M.Hantouche, E.Huret, J.D.Legaut-Demare, F.et al.Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a clinical, neuropsychological and positron emission tomography study Acta Psychiatr Scand. 82 1990 233–242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mataix-Cols, D.Alonso, P.Pifarré, J.Menchón, J.M.Vallejo, J.Neuropsychological performance in medicated vs. unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychiatry Res. 109 3 2002 255–264CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mataix-Cols, D.Junqué, C.Sànchez-Turet, M.Vallejo, J.Verger, K.Barrios, M.Neuropsychological functioning in a subclinical obsessive-compulsive sample Biol Psychiatry. 45 1999 898–904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D.Rosario-Campos, M.Leckman, J.F.A multidimensional model of obsessive-compulsive disorder Am J Psychiatry. 162 2005 228–238CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, D.Neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review and treatment implications Clin Psychol Rev. 23 2003 95–117Google Scholar
Meyers, J.E.Meyers, K.R.Rey Complex Figure Test and recognition trial: professional manual 1995 Psychological Assessment Resources Odessa, FLGoogle Scholar
Meyers, J.E.Meyers, K.R.Rey Complex Figure Test under four different administration procedures Clin Neuropsychol. 9 1995 63–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moritz, S.Birkner, C.Kloss, M.Jacobsen, D.Fricke, S.Bothern, A.et al.Impact of comorbid depressive symptoms on neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder J Abnorm Psychol. 110 2001 653–657CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moritz, S.Birkner, C.Kloss, M.Jahn, H.Hand, I.Haasen, C.et al.Executive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder, unipolar depression and schizophrenia Arch Clin Neuropsychology. 17 2002 477–483Google Scholar
Okasha, A.Rafaat, M.Mahallawy, N.El Nahas, G.El Dawla, A.S.Sayed, M.et al.Cognitive dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder Acta Psychiatr Scand. 101 2000 281–285Google ScholarPubMed
Park, H.S.Lee, Y.H.Ha, T.H.Rho, K.S.Shin, M.S.Kwon, J.S.Impairment of visual and verbal memory, and mediating effects of organizational strategies on the impaired memory of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients Korean J Clin Psychol. 22 2003 725–742Google Scholar
Pennington, B.F.Welsh, M.Neuropsychology and developmental psychopathologyCicchetti, D.Cohen, D.J.Developmental psychopathology: theory and method. 1995 John Wiley & Sons New YorkGoogle Scholar
Petrides, M.Milner, B.Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal and temporal lobe lesions in man Neuropsychologia. 20 1982 249–262CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pujol, J.Soriano-Mas, C.Alonso, P.Cardoner, N.Menchon, J.M.Deus, J.et al.Mapping structural brain alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry. 61 2004 720–730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purcell, R.Maruff, P.Kyrios, M.Pantelis, C.Neuropsychological deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison with unipolar depression, panic disorder, and normal controls Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55 1998 415–423CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randomsky, A.Rachman, S.Memory bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder Behav Res Ther. 37 1999 605–618CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapoport, J.L.Obsessive-compulsive disorder and basal ganglia dysfunction Psychol Med. 20 1990 465–469CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmussen, S.A.Eisen, J.L.Epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder J Clin Psychiatry. 53 1990 10–14Google Scholar
Reitan, R.M.An investigation of the validity of Halstead's measures of biological intelligence Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 73 1955 28–35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rettew, D.C.Swedo, S.E.Leonard, H.L.Lenane, M.C.Rapoport, J.Obsessions and compulsions across time in 79 children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 31 1992 1050–1056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rey, A.L'examine psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique Arch Psychol. 28 1941 286–340Google Scholar
Rubenstein, C.S.Peynircioglu, Z.F.Chambless, D.L.Pigott, T.A.Memory in sub-clinical obsessive-compulsive checkers Behav Res Ther. 31 1993 759–765CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage, C.R.Neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: research findings and treatment implicationsJenike, M.A.Baer, L.Minichiello, W.E.Obsessive-compulsive disorders: practical management. 3rd ed. 1998 Mosby St. Louis254–275Google Scholar
Savage, C.R.Baer, L.Keuthen, N.J.Brown, H.D.Rauch, S.L.Jenike, M.A.Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder Biol Psychiatry. 45 7 1999 905–916CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage, C.R.Deckersbach, T.Heckers, S.Wagner, A.D.Schacter, D.L.Alpert, N.M.et al.Prefrontal regions supporting spontaneous and directed application of verbal learning strategies evidence from PET Brain. 124 1 2001 219–231CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage, C.R.Deckersbach, T.Wilhem, S.Rauch, S.L.Baer, L.Reid, T.et al.Strategic processing and episodic memory impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder Neuropsychology. 14 2000 1–11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxena, S.Brody, A.L.Colgan, M.Maidment, K.M.Dunkin, J.J.Alborzian, S.et al.Localized orbitofrontal and subcortical metabolic changes and predictors of response to paroxetine treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder Neuropsychopharmacology. 21 1999 683–693CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxena, S.Brody, A.L.Schwartz, J.M.Baxter, L.R.Neuroimaging and frontal-subcortical circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 35 1998 26–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidtke, K.Schorb, A.Winkelmann, G.Hohagen, F.Cognitive frontal lobe dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder Biol Psychiatry. 43 1998 666–673CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidman, L.J.Benedict, K.B.Biederman, J.Bernstein, J.H.Seiverd, K.Milberger, S.et al.Performance of ADHD children on the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure: a pilot neuropsychological study J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 36 1995 1459–1473CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, M.S.Cho, S.Z.Chun, S.Y.Hong, K.E.M.A study of the development and standardization of ADHD diagnostic system Korean J Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 11 2000 91–99Google Scholar
Shin, M.S.Kim, Y.H.Cho, S.C.Kim, B.N.Neuropsychological characteristics of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disorder, tic disorder on Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure J Child Neurol. 18 2003 835–844CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, M.S.Park, S.J.Kim, M.S.Lee, Y.H.Ha, T.H.Kwon, J.S.Deficit of organizational strategy and visual memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder Neuropsychology. 18 4 2004 665–672CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somerville, J.Tremont, G.Stern, R.A.The Boston Qualitative scoring system as a measure of executive functioning in Rey-Osterrieth Complex figure performance J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 22 2000 613–621CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitznagel, M.B.Suhr, J.A.Executive function deficits associated with symptoms of schizotypy and obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychiatry Res. 110 2002 151–163CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swedo, S.E.Rapoport, J.L.Leonard, H.Lenane, M.Cheslow, D.Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46 1989 335–341CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szeszko, P.R.Robinson, D.Alvir, J.M.Bilder, R.M.Lencz, T.Ashtari, M.et al.Orbitalfrontal and amygdala volume reductions in obsessive-compulsive disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56 1999 913–919CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tallis, F.Pratt, P.Jamani, N.Obsessive compulsive disorder, checking and non-verbal memory: a neuropsychological investigation Behav Res Ther. 37 1999 161–166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, E.M.Psychological appraisal of children with cerebral deficits 1959 Harvard Univ. Press Cambridge, MACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tripp, G.Ruam, J.Peace, K.Neuropsychological functioning in children with DSM-IV combined typed ADHD Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 36 2002 771–779CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waber, D.P.Bernstein, J.H.Merola, J.Remembering the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: a dual code, cognitive neuropsychological model Dev Neuropsychol. 5 1989 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, L.H.Sahakian, B.J.Robertson, M.M.Veale, D.M.Rogers, R.D.Pickard, K.M.et al.Executive function in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychol Med. 35 2005 571–582CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D.Wechsler Memory Scale 3rd ed. 1997 The Psychological Corporation San Antonio, TXGoogle Scholar
Zielinski, C.V.Taylor, M.A.Juzwin, K.R.Neuropsychological deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 4 1991 110–126Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.