Elsevier

L'Encéphale

Volume 34, Issue 3, June 2008, Pages 233-239
L'Encéphale

Mémoire original
Procédures d’induction d’humeurs en laboratoire : une revue critiqueMood induction procedures: A critical review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2006.08.003Get rights and content

Résumé

Le regain d’intérêt des chercheurs pour l’étude des relations entre cognition et émotion a conduit au développement de nombreuses techniques d’induction d’humeurs. Cet article a pour objectifs d’effectuer une revue des principales procédures d’induction d’humeurs développées depuis l’étude princeps de Schachter et Singer [Psychol Rev 69 (1962) 379–399] et de rendre compte de l’intérêt mais aussi des inconvénients liés à l’utilisation de telles techniques. La littérature dans ce domaine est très importante et l’objectif ici n’est pas d’en rendre compte de manière exhaustive mais plutôt de préciser les principales procédures permettant l’induction d’une humeur négative comme d’une humeur positive. Dans un premier temps, seront donc détaillées les différentes procédures selon leur caractère simple (utilisation d’une seule modalité d’induction) ou composite (association de deux techniques simples). Dans un second temps, il s’agira de présenter l’utilité de l’induction d’humeurs dans l’étude du fonctionnement cognitif normal et pathologique puis de revenir sur les problèmes inhérents à l’emploi de l’induction d’humeurs tant du point de vue des effets de demande fréquemment générés que du point de vue de l’efficacité des inductions réalisées.

Summary

For a long period in the history of psychological research, emotion and cognition have been studied independently, as if one were irrelevant to the other. The renewed interest of researchers for the study of the relations between cognition and emotion has led to the development of a range of laboratory methods for inducing temporary mood states. This paper aims to review the main mood induction procedures allowing the induction of a negative mood as well as a positive mood, developed since the pioneer study of Schachter and Singer [Psychol Rev 69 (1962) 379–399] and to account for the usefulness and problems related to the use of such techniques. The first part of this paper deals with the detailed presentation of some of the most popular mood induction procedures according to their type: simple (use of only one mood induction technique) or combined (association of two or more techniques at once). The earliest of the modern techniques is the Velten Mood Induction Procedure [Behav Res Ther 6 (1968) 473–482], which involves reading aloud sixty self-referent statements progressing from relative neutral mood to negative mood or dysphoria. Some researchers have varied the procedure slightly by changing the number of the statements [Behav Res Ther 21 (1983) 233–239, Br J Clin Psychol 21 (1982) 111–117, J Pers Soc Psychol 35 (1977) 625–636]. Various other mood induction procedures have been developed including music induction [Cogn Emotion 11 (1997) 403-432, Br J Med Psychol 55 (1982) 127–138], film clip induction [J Pers Soc Psychol 20 (1971) 37–43, Cogn Emotion 7 (1993) 171–193, Rottenberg J, Ray RR, Gross JJ. Emotion elicitation using films. In: Coan JA, Allen JJB, editors. The handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007], autobiographical recall [J Clin Psychol 36 (1980) 215–226, Jallais C. Effets des humeurs positives et négatives sur les structures de connaissances de type script. Thèse de doctorat non publiée. Université de Nantes, Nantes] or combined inductions [Gilet AL. Étude des effets des humeurs positives et négatives sur l’organisation des connaissances en mémoire sémantique. Thèse de doctorat non publiée, Université de Nantes, Nantes, J Ment Imagery 19 (1995) 133–150]. In music or film clip inductions, subjects are asked to listen or view some mood-suggestive pieces of material determined by the experimenter according to standardized music or film sets [J Ment Imagery 19 (1995) 133–150, Cogn Emotion 7 (1993) 171–193] and selected to elicit target moods. According to many authors, these two mood induction procedures seem to be among the most effective manners to induce moods [Br J Psychol 85 (1994) 55–78, Eur J Soc Psychol 26 (1996) 557–580] in an individual or in a group setting [Jallais C. Effets des humeurs positives et négatives sur les structures de connaissances de type script. Thèse de doctorat non publiée. Université de Nantes, Nantes]. As it is believed that multiple inductions contribute additively to a mood [Am Psychol 36 (1981) 129–148], researchers proposed to combine two or more techniques at the same time. Thus, the Velten Mood Induction Procedure has been successively associated with the hypnosis mood induction procedure [J Pers Soc Psychol 42 (1982) 927–934], the music mood induction procedure [Behav Res Ther 21 (1983) 233–239, J Exp Soc Psychol 26 (1990) 465–480] or the imagination mood induction procedure [Br J Clin Psychol 21 (1982) 111–117]. Successful combinations of inductions usually use a first induction that occupies foreground attention and a second one that contributes to congruent background atmosphere. One of the most successful combined mood induction procedures has been developed by Mayer, Allen and Beauregard [J Ment Imagery 19 (1995) 133–150]. This technique associates guided imagery with music and is supposed to increase effectiveness of the induction. In the second part of this paper the aim is to present the usefulness of mood induction procedures in the study of cognitive processes in depression [Clin Psychol Rev 25 (2005) 487–510], borderline personality disorder [J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 36 (2005) 226–239] or associated with brain imaging [Am J Psychiatry 161 (2004) 2245–2256]. Then the inherent problems to the use of experimental mood induction procedures are reconsidered. Doubts have effectively arisen about the effectiveness and validity of the mood induction procedures usually used in research. Some authors questioned whether a sufficient intensity of mood is produced or the possibility that the effects observed are due mainly to demand effects [Br J Psychol 85 (1994) 55–78, Clin Psychol Rev 10 (1990) 669–697, Eur J Soc Psychol 26 (1996) 557–580]. In fact, the various mood induction procedures are not equal with regard to the demand effects observed. The question of demand characteristics with respect to mood induction procedures is still under debate, even if demand effects are supposed to be most likely to occur with self-statement techniques (especially with the Velten mood induction procedure) or when subjects are explicitly instructed to try to enter a specific mood state [Eur J Soc Psychol 26 (1996) 557–580]. Another interrogation relates to the effectiveness of these various procedures of induction and the duration of induced moods. Generally, the various techniques used produce true changes of moods in the majority if not the whole of the subjects. However, certain procedures seem more effective in inducing a mood in particular [Br J Psychol 85 (1994) 55–78, Clin Psychol Rev 10 (1990) 669–697, Eur J Soc Psychol 26 (1996) 557–580]. As for the duration of induced moods this depends at the same time on the procedure used and the mood induced. Nevertheless, mood induction remains fundamental in the study of the effects of mood on the cognitive activities, insofar as it makes it possible to study the effects of negative as well as positive moods.

Section snippets

Principales procédures d’induction d’humeurs

Depuis l’étude princeps de Schachter et Singer [34], qui proposait d’induire des émotions en manipulant le contexte dans lequel sont placés les sujets et en particulier les paramètres sociaux de l’environnement, les méthodes d’induction se sont multipliées et perfectionnées. La littérature recense en effet un nombre considérable de procédures d’induction développées pour induire des états positifs comme négatifs. Il s’agit ici de présenter brièvement les procédures les plus employées selon leur

Utilité de l’induction d’humeurs

L’intérêt des procédures d’induction d’humeurs en laboratoire réside dans le fait qu’elles permettent d’appréhender et d’étudier le fonctionnement cognitif dans sa dimension normale comme pathologique. L’influence de l’humeur a été ainsi mise en évidence sur l’organisation et le fonctionnement de la mémoire sémantique chez des sujets tout-venant, soumis à une induction positive ou négative. Plus précisément, il apparaît que la nature (positive ou négative) de l’humeur influe tant sur

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