European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
Epidural analgesia and operative delivery: a ten-year population-based cohort study in The Netherlands
Introduction
Throughout the years, many studies have been conducted to study the association of the use of epidural analgesia during labor (EA) with an increased risk of operative delivery. Earlier literature suggested that EA was associated with an increased risk of caesarean section (CS) [1], [2], [3], [4]. More recent randomized controlled trials [5], [6] and systematic reviews [7], [8], [9], however, concluded that EA does not increase the CS rate. A Cochrane systematic review did reveal an increased risk of instrumental vaginal delivery (IVD) (RR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.57; 23 trials, 7935 women), but no increased risk of CS overall (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.25; 27 trials, 8417 women) [10]. Furthermore, a systematic review showed no increased risk of CS or IVD for nulliparous women receiving early EA at three centimetres or less cervical dilation in comparison with late EA [11]. Other known adverse effect of EA are an increased risk for maternal hypotension (RR 18.23, 95% CI 5.09 to 65.35), motor-blockade (RR 31.67, 95% CI 4.33 to 231.51), maternal fever (RR 3.34, 95% CI 2.63 to 4.23), oxytocin administration (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.39), urinary retention (RR 17.05, 95% CI 4.82 to 60.39), and longer second stage of labor (MD 13.66 min, 95% CI 6.67 to 20.66) [10]. EA did not appear to have an effect on neonatal status as determined by Apgar scores [10].
In many countries, the use of EA during labor still increases.[12], [13], [14], [15], [16] Traditionally, in The Netherlands, labor EA use was restricted. However, EA use increased from 5.4% in 2003 to 17.9% in 2012 [17]. This trend was attributable to a decreased reluctance of caregivers toward EA and the increasing request of laboring women for effective pain relief. Besides, the publication of a multidisciplinary guideline of the Dutch Societies of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Anaesthesiology in 2008, advising adequate pain relief upon request for laboring women, with EA as the preferred method also contributed to the increased use [18].
The increase in EA rate in the past ten years allows us to study the effect of a more liberal EA use on the rate of operative deliveries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the increasing trend of EA use over a period of ten years in our country was accompanied by an increase of CS or IVD (including deliveries by either vacuum or forceps) rates, as might be expected under the condition of a strong causal association between the two. We also assessed whether the association between EA and CS/IVD rates weakened over time, as might be expected in an era in which use of EA becomes more liberal and less problem-driven.
Section snippets
Study population
Data for this retrospective cohort study were obtained from the Perinatal Registry of The Netherlands (PRN). This nationwide database contains the linked and validated data from three registries: the national obstetric database for midwives (LVR-1), which includes the home deliveries that account for about 22% of all deliveries; the national obstetric database for gynecologists (LVR-2); and the national neonatal/pediatric database (LNR). The PRN database includes 96% of the approximately 180 000
Results
A total of 1798 943 deliveries were registered in the PRN between 2000 and 2009. Of these, 1378 458 deliveries were included in the present study. A total of 616 063 (44.7%) deliveries were to nulliparous women and 762 395 (55.3%) were to multiparous women (Fig. 1). The characteristics of the study participants are outlined in Table 1.
Labor EA was used in 73 548 (11.9%) nulliparous women, and in 27 329 (3.6%) multiparous women. Fig. 2 shows the trends for the use of labor EA and proportion of CS and
Main findings
In The Netherlands, the percentage of women who receive EA during labor nearly tripled in a 10-year period in both nulliparous women (7.7% to 21.9%) and multiparous women (2.4% to 6.8%). Increasing EA use was not accompanied by increase in operative deliveries. The rate of operative deliveries remained relatively stable during this study period in nulliparous (CS rate increased 2.8% and IVD rate decreased 3.3%) and multiparous (CS rate increased 0.8% and IVD rate decreased 0.7%) women. A
Conclusion
In summary, this large Dutch national cohort study showed a near triplication in the use of EA over a 10-year period, which was not accompanied by strong increases or decreases of either CS or IVD. This lack of co-variation is an argument against strong causality of EA for CS and IVD.
Although we found significant associations between EA use and CS/IVD, the strength of the associations weakened over the 10-year study period. This is probably a reflection of a trend toward a more liberal, less
Condensation
A near triplication in the use of EA in a 10-year period is accompanied by relatively stable rates of operative deliveries.
Conflict of interest statement
No relevant financial, personal, political, intellectual or religious interests were disclosed.
Funding
None.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank S. van Kuijk, Ph.D. for assistance in making some figures in this article.
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