How grossed out are you? The neural bases of emotion regulation from childhood to adolescence

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Abstract

The ability to regulate one's emotions is critical to mental health and well-being, and is impaired in a wide range of psychopathologies, some of which initially manifest in childhood or adolescence. Cognitive reappraisal is a particular approach to emotion regulation frequently utilized in behavioral psychotherapies. Despite a wealth of research on cognitive reappraisal in adults, little is known about the developmental trajectory of brain mechanisms subserving this form of emotion regulation in children. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we asked children and adolescents to up- and down-regulate their response to disgusting images, as the experience of disgust has been linked to anxiety disorders. We demonstrate distinct patterns of brain activation during successful up- and down-regulation of emotion, as well as an inverse correlation between activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and limbic structures during down-regulation, suggestive of a potential regulatory role for vmPFC. Further, we show age-related effects on activity in PFC and amygdala. These findings have important clinical implications for the understanding of cognitive-based therapies in anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence.

Highlights

▸ We explore brain mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal in children and adolescents. Children and adolescents can successfully modulate their emotional responses. We report age-related effects of activity in prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Future work should further these findings in pediatric clinical populations.

Keywords

Emotion regulation
Cognitive reappraisal
Development
Functional magnetic resonance imaging

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These authors contributed equally to this work.