Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America
Should We Wait for Development of an Abscess Before We Perform Incision and Drainage?
Section snippets
Pathophysiology
No discussion of the treatment of deep neck infections, especially with regard to timing of incision and drainage, would be complete without first reviewing the stages of infection progression. The differentiation between cellulitis and abscess has become an important issue, with some clinicians basing their mode of management of deep neck infections solely on whether the infection is in the cellulitis or abscess stage. Differentiating between cellulitis and abscess is based on duration, pain,
Historical views
Since Ludwig12, 13 in 1836 first described 5 cases of a “gangrenous inflammatory induration of the connective tissue of the neck,” extensive dispute has been fostered on the appropriate evaluation and management of deep neck infections. For instance, traditional management algorithms were based on the presence or absence of an abscess. The following are a few sample excerpts in opposition to surgical drainage of deep neck infections in the cellulitis stage:
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“Incision and drainage into an
Clinical examination
Patients with deep neck infections often present with some, but not all, of the following signs and symptoms: fever, dysphagia, odynophagia, floor of mouth elevation, malaise, trismus, toxic appearance, stiff neck, pooling of saliva, stridor, change in vocal quality (hot potato voice), neck swelling, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Patients can also present with worsening of snoring or frank obstructive sleep apnea.21 Additionally, the clinical presentation is dependent on the involved anatomic
Diagnostic imaging
Diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate odontogenic infections include plain radiographs, ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Diagnostic imaging plays a central role in the management of patients with deep neck infections. Plain film radiographs are commonly used to diagnose pathologic conditions of odontogenic origin (eg, caries, periapical pathology, and periodontitis). Classically, lateral views of the cervical soft tissues were used to determine the patency of the airway. The lateral view of
Summary
This article has attempted to provide readers with an evidence-based approach to the management of deep neck infections. The aforementioned literature shows that clinical assessment of deep neck infections is not exact, generally underestimating suppuration.7 The presence or absence of pus is not predicted by any clinical factor, such as preadmission antibiotics, white blood cell count, and duration of swelling.6, 29 The only nonradiographic variable, however, that has been associated with
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