Research articleParenting and proximity to social services: Lessons from Los Angeles County in the community context of child neglect☆
Introduction
The neighborhoods in which we live may have profound influences on our health, well-being, and ability to function in many realms, including our ability to parent (Coulton et al., 2007, Diez-Roux and Mair, 2010, Freisthler et al., 2006, Maguire-Jack, 2014a). According to social disorganization theory (Shaw & McKay, 1942), neighborhoods that are characterized by layers of disadvantage related to poverty, unemployment, crime, and population turnover can affect the residents in a myriad of ways that are harmful, including increasing risk of child maltreatment. Social disorganization theory contends that neighborhoods are “disorganized” when they lack a structure to help maintain social controls that allow their residents to realize shared values (Sampson & Groves, 1989). Put differently, when neighborhood residents hold common goals for their community, such as a safe and healthy environment for children, they are more likely to work together to achieve these goals. When residents cannot agree on shared principles and community expectations, however, deviant behaviors have room to flourish because community members cannot effectively organize against them.
The current study focuses on the potentially protective role that geographic access to social services play in child maltreatment. Extensions of social disorganization theory suggest that the local availability of institutional resources, like social services, both reflect and contribute to neighborhood (dis)organization (Sampson, 2001). It is posited that local institutions help community members establish agreement around common values and goals, and participation in these institutions can also give residents the confidence and tools to act, not only on their personal goals for themselves and their families, but also on their shared vision for their community. For this reason, Sampson and Groves (1989) identify limited participation in local organizations as one of three primary pathways by which neighborhood social disorganization affects residents’ outcomes.
Section snippets
Literature Review
Child maltreatment researchers have applied social disorganization theory to understand community variation in child abuse and neglect. These researchers suggest that disorganized neighborhoods put parents at additional risk for maltreatment because of the multiple stressors they provide, the lack of shared social norms among residents regarding child rearing, and an absence of supportive services for parents (Ben-Arieh, 2010, Coulton et al., 1999, Ernst, 2001, Freisthler, 2004, Freisthler et
Poverty Services
Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage has been repeatedly linked to increased child maltreatment risk (Coulton et al., 2007, Freisthler et al., 2006). Moreover, the frequently co-occurring poverty-related concerns of unemployment, residential instability and housing stress (often measured by the concentration of vacant housing units and crowded dwellings) have also been associated with higher rates of children maltreatment within neighborhoods (Coulton et al., 2007, Freisthler et al., 2006,
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services
Findings regarding children maltreatment and geographic access to mental health and substance abuse services are mixed. Children of parents who have mental health and/or substance abuse problems are substantially more likely to experience maltreatment and child welfare system involvement than those who do not (Besinger et al., 1999, Kotch et al., 1999, Westad and McConnell, 2012). This suggests that the accessibility of community services designed to promote mental health and manage drug and
Study Hypotheses
Thus, based on social disorganization theory and the empirical literature summarized above, our study hypotheses are that:
- 1.
Parents in closer proximity to child care services will report less child neglect;
- 2.
Parents in closer proximity to domestic violence services will report less child neglect;
- 3.
Parents in closer proximity to poverty services will report less child neglect; and
- 4.
Parents in closer proximity to mental health and substance abuse services will report less child neglect.
Descriptive Statistics
Table 1 includes the descriptive statistics for the sample. There were no statistically significant differences in these statistics between the imputed and unimputed samples. In our sample of 438 parents in Los Angeles County, nearly 14% of families fell below 100% of the 2009 FPL. The average number of days using any alcohol or drugs in the past year was about 100, and 20% of respondents reported some level of depression or anxiety. In terms of child demographics, the average number of
Discussion
This study attempts to deepen our understanding of how the geographic availability of social services within communities influences child maltreatment. While there is now a robust literature supporting the premise of social disorganization theory that residents of neighborhoods characterized by structural challenges like concentrated impoverishment and high rates of population turnover have an elevated risk of experiencing child maltreatment (Coulton et al., 2007, Freisthler et al., 2006,
Limitations
These findings must be interpreted with caution, due to several limitations. Of particular note, the current study was unable to control for neighborhood characteristics that have been previously found to be associated with child maltreatment behaviors. As previously mentioned, it is possible that after taking into account neighborhood disadvantage, access to poverty services might have a protective effect. However, we were unable to conduct a multi-level study that would allow for the
Conclusion
Despite these limitations, this study provides valuable insight regarding how the geographic accessibility of social services affects parenting and child maltreatment risk. Results suggest that the proximity of mental health and substance abuse services plays a protective role in child maltreatment. Thus, embedding these types of services in communities with high rates of child protective services involvement may be a strategic way to reduce rates of child neglect. Future research should seek
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This project was supported by Grant Number P60-AA-006282 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism or the National Institutes of Health.