Convergence and divergence in reports of maternal support following childhood sexual abuse: Prevalence and associations with youth psychosocial adjustment☆
Introduction
Maternal support is a strong predictor of children's recovery and healthy development following CSA disclosures (Everson et al., 1991, Fromuth, 1986, Johnson and Kenkel, 1991, Spaccarelli and Kim, 1995, Tremblay et al., 2000). In fact, maternal support is more predictive of children's outcomes than the actual characteristics of the abuse, including the type or duration of the abuse or the child's relationship with the perpetrator (Deblinger et al., 1999, Everson et al., 1991, Fromuth, 1986, Johnson and Kenkel, 1991, Spaccarelli and Kim, 1995, Tremblay et al., 2000). Parents and children often differ in their perceptions of the quality and amount of maternal support provided following CSA disclosures (Bolen and Lamb, 2007, Bolen, 1998, Deblinger et al., 1999, Morrison and Clavenna-Valleroy, 1998). However, to our knowledge, the actual convergence or divergence in parent–child perceptions of maternal support following CSA has not been systematically examined. The current study adopts methods for detecting informant discrepancies from the larger body of literature on child mental health and psychosocial adjustment (i.e., Chi and Hinshaw, 2002, De Los Reyes et al., 2010). In this study, we investigated the prevalence of convergent and divergent ratings of maternal support following CSA disclosure and the degree to which they predicted youth psychosocial functioning.
Converging evidence suggests that maternal support following CSA disclosure is critical for children's healthy psychosocial adjustment (Conte and Schuerman, 1987a, Conte and Schuerman, 1987b, Elliot and Carnes, 2001, Kendall-Tackett et al., 1993, Paredes et al., 2001, Tufts New England Medical Center, 1984). CSA victims who receive high levels of maternal support following CSA disclosure respond more adaptively to stress (Esparza, 1993), exhibit fewer sexual behavior problems (Adams-Tucker, 1982, Friedrich et al., 1986, Leifer et al., 1993), show lower internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Bolen and Lamb, 2007, Deblinger et al., 1999, Feiring et al., 2001, Gold et al., 1994, Gries et al., 2000), and are less likely to engage in cigarette smoking or drug use (Chen et al., 2004, Hadland et al., 2012), than youth who receive insufficient support. Parental support following CSA is not only critical for optimal psychosocial development during childhood and adolescence, but has also been associated with interpersonal adjustment in adulthood (Adams and Bukowski, 2007, Liang et al., 2006).
Assessments of maternal support following CSA typically rely on either mother or child reports. However, there are often significant discrepancies in mother's and children's reports of maternal support following CSA (Bolen and Lamb, 2007, Deblinger et al., 1999, Johnson and Kenkel, 1991, Spaccarelli and Fuchs, 1997). In past studies, mothers’ and children's independent reports have predicted different aspects of children's adjustment following CSA disclosure (Avery et al., 1998, Morrison and Clavenna-Valleroy, 1998). A large body of literature on child adjustment suggests that divergence in parent and child reports of parental behavior is clinically meaningful. Discordance in ratings of parental monitoring and discipline have been associated with children's heightened risk for internalizing problems (Gaylord et al., 2003, Guion et al., 2009), poor social competence (Carlson et al., 1991, Guion et al., 2009), and delinquency (De Los Reyes et al., 2010). Discrepancies in parents’ and children's reports of parental quality, warmth, and family functioning have also been associated with both internalizing and externalizing problems in children (Feinberg et al., 2000, Guion et al., 2009, Ohannessian et al., 2000) and adolescents (Pelton and Forehand, 2001, Pelton et al., 2001). In addition to representing normative parent–child reporting differences, these discrepancies are considered reflective of problematic parent–child communication patterns, attachment relationship quality, and family conflict or dysfunction (Barker et al., 2007, Ehrlich et al., 2011, Feinberg et al., 2000, Ferdinand et al., 2004, Gaylord et al., 2003, Grills and Ollendick, 2003, Welsh et al., 1998). Furthermore, many consider parent–child reporting discrepancies as useful for predicting children's risk for maladjustment and for guiding treatment (Feinberg et al., 2000, Guion et al., 2009, Mounts, 2007).
Taking into account convergence and divergence in reports of maternal support at the time of CSA disclosure may offer a useful preliminary index of parent–child relationship quality and risk for child maladjustment following CSA. The current study examined the prevalence and predictive value of mother–child convergence and divergence of two forms of post-disclosure-related support among victims of CSA. The first form of support concerned mothers’ belief in the child's disclosure. The second concerned mother–child discussion of the abuse incident following the disclosure. We also examined whether patterns of convergence and divergence in these aspects of maternal support were associated with children's psychosocial adjustment. We hypothesized that mothers and children whose reports positively converged (i.e., when both informants reported that mothers believed the child's disclosure and/or that details were discussed) would show more positive psychosocial adjustment (i.e., fewer post-disclosure trauma symptoms and lower frequency of substance use) than dyads whose reports diverged or whose reports negatively converged (i.e., when both informants reported that support was non-optimal).
Section snippets
Participants
Participants were 120 children and mothers (or female guardians) who resided in the south-eastern region of the United States and who were evaluated at a child advocacy center (CAC) following reports of CSA. Inclusion criteria were that: (a) children were 7–17 years old; (b) children were victims of sexual abuse involving physical contact (e.g., fondling, penetration) as determined by a professionally conducted forensic evaluation; and (c) mothers were not complicit or involved in the sexual
Prevalence of convergence and divergence in reports of maternal support
First, we examined convergence and divergence in mothers’ and children's reports of whether the mother believed the CSA disclosure. Of the 120 participants, data were missing for 36 children and 5 mothers; this was mostly due to participant refusal, except for two mothers and two children who reported that they were “unsure”. Missing data on this variable were not associated with child age, gender, severity of abuse experience, reports of trauma symptoms on the TSCC, cigarette use, or illicit
Discussion
Though past studies have indicated that maternal support following CSA disclosure predicts children's recovery and overall adjustment, few studies have examined the convergence or divergence in mothers and children's reports of maternal support. The current study investigated rates of convergence and divergence in mothers’ and children's reporting of two domains of maternal support. The first concerned maternal belief in the child's disclosure and the second concerned mother–child discussion
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2019, Child Abuse and NeglectCitation Excerpt :The reactions of a child’s immediate entourage, more specifically their parents’ reactions, are considered to serve as a protective factor that influences the child’s adaptation following the disclosure of SA (Spaccarelli, 1994). Indeed, parents play an important role in their child’s healing process by offering support which allows their child to enhance his/her coping skills for dealing with the trauma as well as by shielding him/her against the negative effects of SA on his/her physical and mental health (Bick, Zajac, Ralston, & Smith, 2014; Godbout, Briere, Sabourin, & Lussier, 2014). However, the current state of knowledge regarding parents’ role related to abuse-specific support is generally limited to the study of the maternal support.
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Preparation of this article was supported by T32 MH018869 (Dean G. Kilpatrick, PI). The original research was supported by funding from the US Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Children and Families (Daniel W. Smith, PI).