Research ReportInvolvement of the anterior thalamic radiation in boys with high functioning autism spectrum disorders: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging study☆
Highlights
► We evaluate integrity of thalamic radiation and replicate prior DTI findings in ASD. ► We compare DTI parameters in ASD and controls in several ROIs. ► FA and MD in both ATR are significantly different between two groups.
Introduction
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which include autism, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger's disorder, are characterized by qualitative impairments of reciprocal social interaction and deficits in communication, and stereotyped or repetitive patterns of behavior (APA, 2000). The pathophysiology of ASD remains unclear, but the hypothesis that ASD represents a disorder of neuronal connectivity (Brun et al., 2009, Gepner and Feron, 2009, Jones et al., 2010, Minshew and Williams, 2007) is supported by converging data using the Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), a non-invasive MRI technique for in vivo mapping of white matter structures (Alexander et al., 2007, Barnea-Goraly et al., 2004, Ben Bashat et al., 2007, Brito et al., 2009, Keller et al., 2007, Kumar et al., 2010, Lee et al., 2007, Pugliese et al., 2009, Sundaram et al., 2008). Reductions in DTI fractional anisotropy (FA) are believed to reflect less myelinated and less mature white matter tracts (Mori et al., 2005, Vangberg et al., 2006). Most studies in ASD have confirmed decreased FA, particularly in the corpus callosum (CC) (Alexander et al., 2007, Barnea-Goraly et al., 2004, Brito et al., 2009, Keller et al., 2007, Kumar et al., 2010), although decreased FA has also been found in corticospinal tracts and cerebellar peduncles (Brito et al., 2009), the superior temporal gyrus and the temporal stem (Lee et al., 2007), the arcuate fasciculus (Kumar et al., 2010), and in frontal lobe fibers (Sundaram et al., 2008).
In ASD, preliminary lines of evidence support a role for the thalamus in the pathophysiology of autism (Hardan et al., 2006, Hardan et al., 2008a, Hardan et al., 2008b, Haznedar et al., 2006, Takarae et al., 2007, Tsatsanis et al., 2003, Waiter et al., 2005). Several groups have reported reduced or abnormal size of the thalamus in autism (Hardan et al., 2006, Hardan et al., 2008a, Tsatsanis et al., 2003, Waiter et al., 2005), and a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study found decreased neuronal and glial metabolites in the thalamus of patients with autism (Hardan et al., 2008b). Early functional neuroimaging studies (Buchsbaum et al., 1992, Minshew et al., 1997, Rumsey et al., 1985) observed cortical and subcortical abnormalities in the thalamus and the basal ganglia. One previous study (Chugani et al., 1997) reported that decreased serotonin synthesis was found in the dentatothalamocortical pathway including the frontal cortex and the thalamus in boys with autism. In a functional imaging study (Muller et al., 1999), decreased functional activity in the dentatothalamocortical pathway was reported in high-functioning autistic adults while performing a verbal task.
Several studies have reported abnormalities in the cortico-striato-thalamic loops, which are implicated in sensory regulation (Carlsson, 2001), in ASD. This circuit, involving the frontal lobe, the cingulate, the striatum, and the thalamus, can be distinguished between dorsal and ventral components (Alexander et al., 1986). Specifically, loops from the anterior cingulate pass via the ventral striatum to the anterior thalamus (Gemmell and O'Mara, 2002, Vertes, 2002). Using positron emission tomography, ASD patients were found to have lower glucose metabolic activity in the thalamus and ventral basal ganglia than healthy comparisons; additionally, autistic patients had lower metabolic activity in the anterior thalamus than patients with Asperger's disorder (Haznedar et al., 2006). Despite these various observations regarding thalamic circuitry, there have been only a few reports regarding the integrity of the thalamic radiation using DTI methods in ASD (Cheung et al., 2009, Tan et al., 2010). There are several thalamocortical fibers which can be visualized in the DTI study. The anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) is a major projection from the thalamus which penetrates the anterior limb of the internal capsule, carrying reciprocal connections from the hypothalamus and limbic structures to the frontal cortex (Mori et al., 2005). The superior thalamic radiation (STR) consists of fibers traveling from the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus to the somatosensory area in the post central gyrus of the parietal cortex. The posterior thalamic radiation (PTR) is a projection fiber from the posterior part of the thalamus to the occipital cortex, which also includes the optic radiation (Wakana et al., 2004).
In this study, we aimed to examine the white matter integrity of the thalamic radiations using the DTI in a sample of Korean boys with high functioning ASD and age and sex matched healthy controls and to add an evidence of involvement of ATR, which has been much less interesting for DTI researchers in ASD, because disturbances in the thalamo-frontal connections in ASD have rarely been focused so far. We hypothesized that the integrity of the ATR, which refers to the thalamo-frontal connections, would be particularly abnormal in ASD subjects compared to the healthy control subjects. We also examined several white matter structures that underlie social processing and the principal cerebral commissure, the CC, to confirm previous reports of abnormality in these tracts (Alexander et al., 2007, Barnea-Goraly et al., 2004, Brito et al., 2009, Keller et al., 2007, Kumar et al., 2010, Sundaram et al., 2008).
Section snippets
Results
As shown in Table 1, the groups did not differ significantly on age, IQ, handedness, or head circumference. The CPT RT SD was significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group (t = 2.05, df = 32, p = .049). The nine clinically referred boys with ASD did not differ significantly from the eight boys ascertained from the epidemiological study on any of the demographic, clinical, or IQ measures (data not shown). Accordingly, all subsequent analyses combined all boys with ASD, regardless of
Discussion
In the present study, we found that FA in the right anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) was significantly lower and MD in the right ATR was significantly higher in subjects with ASD than healthy control subjects in both whole-brain voxel-wise analyses and ROI-based analyses. In addition, RD in both ATR was significantly higher in subjects with ASD than in healthy control subjects in ROI-based analyses. In contrast to the findings regarding the ATR, we did not find a significant difference in any
Conclusion
In conclusion, our observation of abnormal values in the ATR in ASD and our confirmation of abnormalities in white matter tracts that subserve social processing provide additional support for the centrality of dysconnection in the pathophysiology of autism. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of thalamo-cortical circuitry in ASD which should be confirmed independently.
Subjects
ASD and healthy normal subjects were recruited from a child and adolescent psychiatric clinical group and from an ongoing community epidemiological study in the city of Koyang in South Korea. We initially enrolled and scanned 51 children (39 boys, 12 girls), but 5 boys and 2 girls met at least one exclusion criterion. Because only two girls with ASD remained, we limited analyses to male subjects. Accordingly, we analyzed the data of 34 boys (17 ASD patients and 17 typically developing controls
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (KRF-2008-314-E00134).
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This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (KRF-2008-314-E00134).