Archival ReportAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk for Substance Use Disorders in Relatives
Section snippets
Data Sources
We used data from a record linkage of six population-based registries in Sweden; personal identification numbers enabled accurate linkage (23). The National Patient Register (NPR) provides data on psychiatric inpatient care since 1973 (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-8 to ICD-10) and outpatient care (ICD-10) since 2001 (24). The Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (PDR) (25) contains information on drug identity (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical [ATC] codes) and dates of all
Results
Table 1 shows distribution for study variables among ADHD probands, matched control subjects, and their corresponding relatives and ORs for ADHD associated with each comorbid disorder. The ADHD probands were more likely to have been diagnosed with SUD, drug abuse, and alcohol use disorder compared with control subjects matched for age, sex, and residency (ORSUD 10.8 and 95% CI, 10.5–11.1; ORDrug 19.2 and 95% CI, 18.5–19.8; ORAlc 8.3 and 95% CI, 8.0–8.5).
Table 2 shows the numbers and percentages
Discussion
This population-based, case-cohort study found a strong familial association between ADHD and SUD. Our results show that the risk for SUD increases considerably with increased genetic relatedness to an ADHD proband. The familial aggregation patterns remained similar after excluding case subjects and control subjects with SUD as well as relatives with an ADHD diagnosis and support the hypothesis that the association between ADHD and SUD is explained by shared familial risk factors rather than
Acknowledgments and Disclosures
The work was supported by the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research Grant No. K1426-2011 between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Research Council Grant Nos. 2010-3184 and 2013-2280, and the Swedish Initiative for Research on Microdata in the Social And Medical Sciences framework Grant No. 340-2013-5867.
CS had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data
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