ReviewIs Our Self Nothing but Reward?
Section snippets
Reward-Self Relationship Models
Before discussing the reward-self relationship models, it is important to note that the terms reward and self are used here in a very basic sense (compared with the various uses within their respective fields; for examples in the field of reward, see [14, 15, 16, 17]). One core component of reward is value assignment, meaning that an external stimulus is assigned specific relevance or importance for the organism (18, 19). Similarly, although there are numerous aspects of the self (e.g.,
Conclusions
The discussion of different possible models revealed that self and reward can neither be considered identical (i.e., integration model) nor clearly separate identities (i.e., segregation model). Instead, their relationship seems to be rather complex with multiple interactions across a continuum that may be evident neurally, psychologically, and conceptually. Unfortunately, these results remain tentative, given that the focus on comparisons of self- and nonself-specific stimuli has generated
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2022, Psychiatry Research - NeuroimagingCitation Excerpt :In addition, ASEs have been found to have similar levels in the schizophrenia spectrum (i.e. schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophreniform disorder) (Haug et al., 2012; Nordgaard and Parnas, 2014), and that it is significantly lower in other psychotic conditions like bipolar psychosis (Haug et al., 2012). More broadly speaking, the self and subjective experience of oneself have been widely studied in psychology and psychiatry (Gusnard et al., 2001; Lane, 2020; Mishara, 2007; Northoff et al., 2011; Northoff and Hayes, 2011; Qin et al., 2020). Contrary to ASEs, the neural correlates of the self have been studied using neuroimage (Gusnard et al., 2001; Northoff et al., 2011), mainly through the study of consciousness and its disorders (former vegetative state) (Crone et al., 2011; Långsjö et al., 2012; Qin et al., 2010), in addition to phenomenology (Lane, 2020; Mishara, 2007; Parnas and Handest, 2003; Zhao et al., 2013).
Authors GN and DJH contributed equally to this work.